1. Parenting styles and Socioeconomic status on Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Children: A Moderational Model
By: Taylor Perlman

2. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (5th edition.; American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
developing persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity- impulsivity that interferes with daily functioning (APA, 2013).
Severity:
Mild
Moderate
Severe
Presentation types:
Combined
Predominantly inattentive
Predominantly hyperactive/ impulsive

3. ADHD Severity and presentations
The inattention type- 6 or more of the following symptoms:
failing to pay close attention to detail
difficulty sustaining attention
having a hard time listening when spoken to
failing to follow instructions
avoiding tasks that require sustained attention
becoming easily distracted by extraneous stimuli
losing things necessary for the task
forgetting to do daily activities
These symptoms must have been present prior to the age of 12 and for at least six months to meet criteria
(APA, 2013)

4. Parenting styles AUTHORITATIVE: AUTHORITARIAN: PERMISSIVE: UNINVOLVED:
Warm, encouraging, supportive- high levels of acceptance
AUTHORITARIAN:
Psychologically demanding, controlling children with low self esteem
PERMISSIVE:
Little control over children, avoid confrontation  children without emotional regulation
UNINVOLVED:
Neglectful and rejecting  issues relating to others and performing in daily tasks
(Kimble, 2009)

5. Socioeconomic status
SES- social class of an individual involving combination of their occupation, education, and income (APA)
Low SES-
Studies show that children with parents who have fewer educational qualifications are 1.91 times more likely to develop ADHD
Lack of resources, low opportunities, little services

6. Hypothesis
The interaction between maladaptive parenting styles and low socioeconomic status can predict the severity of self-reported ADHD- Inattentive type among children.

7. Participants 300 children 53% female, 47% male
68% Caucasian, 22% African American, 7% Asian, 3% other
Age range: 8-12 ((M = 10 years; SD = 1.4)
18% 3rd grade, 21% 4th grade, 13% 5th grade, 24% 6th grade, 24% in 7th grade (M = 5th grade; SD = 1.7)
Low to high- class families
Annual Income: $35,000 to $450,000 (M = $120,000; SD = $49,000)
Long Island, New York
All parents were heterosexual and living in the same home as the child

8. Measures Parenting Styles Dimension Questionnaire
62 item questionnaire
5 point scale “never” to “always” (1-5)
40 minutes to complete
Hollingshead Four Factor Index
20 minutes to complete
Occupation and Education Score
BASC-3
Self Report (SRP-C) Child
True/ False and 4- point scale Never to Almost always
20-120
Demographic Questionnaire

9. Parenting style- PSDQ

10. Socioeconomic status- Hollingshead four factor index

11. BASC-3 School Problems Internalizing Problems
Inattention/ Hyperactivity ***
I am a good listener
I am easily distracted
I forget to do things
I get into trouble for not paying attention
I have trouble playing attention to what I am doing
Emotional Symptoms Index
Personal Adjustment

12. Procedure
Approved by Long Island University Post Institutional Review Board (IRB)
At least one parent signed informed consent and child signed assent form
40 minutes to complete all items
Completed in Roslyn High School Gymnasium
Children administered BASC-3 in Gymnasium
Parents administered PSDQ in Library

13. Data analysis 1- Way ANCOVA Moderational model
Two independent variables
Parenting style (categorical)
Socioeconomic status (continuous)
Dependent Variable
ADHD (continuous)
1- Way ANCOVA
PARENTING STYLE
SES
PARENTING + SES Interaction
ADHD- INATTENTIVE TYPE

14. Results: Significant
There was a significant interaction effect between the two independent variables on the dependent variable
1-way ANCOVA analysis results are significant at p < .05
Socioeconomic status is a moderator between parenting styles and ADHD among children

15. Results: insignificant
Socioeconomic status was not a moderating variable between parenting style and ADHD- Inattentive Type
Interaction between the two independent variables were not necessary when predicting the dependent variable
This suggests that regardless of income, if positive parenting styles were not practiced in the home, severity of inattentive ADHD are likely to increase

16. LIMITATIONS
The scale only looks at Authoritative, Authoritarian, and Permissive parenting styles but neglects Uninvolved Parenting Styles
Self report questionnaires can be difficult to trust due to the biases of the parents and their children
This study focused on children living in Long Island, NY with heterosexual parents

17. Future recommendations
Observe the parents and their interaction with their children to limit potential inaccurate data collection
Improve parenting by:
teaching behavioral training
Integrating family therapy
Encouraging communication
Reinforcing coping skills

18. References
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 51,
Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology, 4, doi: /h
Callahan, C. L., & Eyberg, S. M., (2010) Relations between parenting behavior and SES in a clinical sample: Validity of SES measures, Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 32 (2),
Doi:
Gould, K. L., Coventry, W. L., Olsen, R. K., & Byrne, B. (2018). Gene-environment interactions in ADHD: The roles of SES and chaos. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46,
Springer Science+Business Media New York 2017.
Haack, L. M., Villodas, M. T., & McBurnett, K. (2016). Parenting mediates the symptoms and impairment in children with ADHD-inattentive type. Journal of Clinical Child &
Adolescent Psychology, 45 (2), Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. Doi:
Hollingshead, A. A. (1975). Four-Factor Index of Social Status. Unpublished manuscript, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
Kimble, A. B. (2009). The parenting styles and dimensions questionnaire: A reconceptualization and validation Oklahoma State University.
Merenda, P. F. (1996). BASC: Behavior Assessment System for Children. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 28 (4), 229–232.
Moghaddam, M. F., Assareh, M., Heidaripoor, A., Rad, R. E., & Pishjoo, M. (2013). The study comparing parenting styles of children with ADHD and normal children. Archives of
Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 4, Editorial Committee of Polish Psychiatric Association.
Norvilitis, J. M., & Fang, P. (2005). ADHD Symptoms Questionnaire [Database record]. Retrieved from PsycTESTS. doi:
Robinson, C. C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S. F., & Hart, C. H. (2001). The Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ). In B. F. Perlmutter, J. Touliatos, & G. W. Holden
(Eds.), Handbook of family measurement techniques, 3, Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Russel, A. E., Ford, T., Williams, R., & Russel, G. (2016). The association between socioeconomic disadvantage and attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD):
A systematic review. Child Psychiatry Human Development, 47, Doi: