1. Animal Reproduction

3. Female Vocabulary
Ovary- female gonad that produces ova (eggs), and hormones estrogen and progesterone
Oviduct-(Fallopian tube) tube that extends from ovary to uterus. Carries ova to uterus. Not attached to ovary.
Uterus- hollow organ with thick, muscular walls and mucus lining. Houses developing embryo during pregnancy. Embryo attaches to uterine wall. Sits on top of bladder and below rectum.

4. Cervix- between uterus and vagina, consists of think ring-like muscles called sphincters. Prevents foreign substances from entering uterus. Normally closed except during estrus.
Vagina- extends from cervix to outside the body. Serves as passage for semen into body, and offspring out of the body.
Vulva- female external genetalia. External opening to urogenital tract.
Why does the cervix prevent foreign substances from entering the uterus?

5. Estrous Cycle Follicular Phase
Proestrus- period when follicles (ova/eggs) grow. Uterine lining develops, animal not sexually receptive yet. Depending on species, could last 3 weeks or 1 day
Estrus- short length of time (couple hours to just 1 or 2 days), period of sexual receptivity. Ovulation occurs. Large production of estrogen
Ovulation- ovary releases ova/egg into oviduct

6. Estrous Cycle, cont’d Luteal Phase
Metestrous- Estrogen subsides, Corpus Luteum develops. Uterus produces small amounts of hormone Progesterone. Lasts 1-5 days
Diestrous- Corpus Luteum produces large quantities of Progesterone (if pregnant). When Corpus Luteum regresses, diestrous ends, proestrous begins again. Lasts up to a number of weeks.
Anestrus – period of time when animal does not experience estrous cycle. This could be due to season (in seasonally polyestrous animals), pregnancy, lactation, illness, or age

7. Estrous Cycles
Polyestrous- animals that have more than one estrous cycle per year. Ex: cats, cows, pigs, horses
Seasonally Polyestrous- animals that have estrous cycles in a specific time of year
Long day breeders (spring): horses, hamsters
Short day breeders (fall): sheep, goats, deer
Diestrous- animals that have estrous cycles twice a year: Dogs

8. Monestrous- animals that have only one estrous cycle per year.
Ex: bears, foxes, wolves
Induced ovulators- animals in which ovum (eggs) are only released after copulation (mating)
Ex: cats, rabbits, llamas, ferrets

9. Gestation Lengths Dog (Bitch)- 63 days Cat (Queen)- 63 days
Rabbit (Doe)- 31 days
Horse (Mare)- 340 days
Cow (Cow)- 285 days
Pig (Sow)- 114 days (3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days)
Sheep (Ewe)- 147 days
Goat (Doe)- 150 days
Chicken (Hen)- 21 days

10. Uterine Bodies Simplex- no uterine horns. Primates (humans)
Duplex- Large horns, no uterine body, 2 cervices (cervix). Rodents and lagomorphs (rabbits, hares)
Bicornuate- has both uterine horns and uterine body. Pigs, cow, mare, sheep

11. Sheep
Using play-doh, create each of these uterine bodies.

12. Stages of Prenatal Growth
Fertilization- when sperm and egg (ova) unite
Attachment- when the embryo attaches itself to the uterus for further development
Types of placenta
Diffuse- horse, pig
Cotyledon- cow, sheep etc.
Zonary- dogs, cats, bears, elephants
Discoidal- primates, rodents
Embryonic Stage- Period when body parts and organs start to form
Fetal Stage- Period when body parts and organs mature. Lasts until birth

13. Bulbourethral Gland

14. Male Vocabulary
Scrotum- external sac that houses and protects testicles. Keeps testicles at temp slightly lower than the body.
Testicles- Male sex glands that produce sperm and hormone testosterone
Epididymis- Where sperm are store to mature
Vas deferens- (ductus deferens)- transports sperm from epididymis to urethra
Urethra- tube passing through penis to outside of body, transporting urine and semen.

15. Accessory Sex Glands- Provide fluids to semen which provide health and nutrition to sperm
Seminal Vesicles, Prostate Gland, Bulbourethral glands
Penis- Male sex organ, carries semen and urine out of body. Made of erectile tissue that fills with blood upon stimulation, this causes erection.

16. AI vs. Natural Cover vs. In-vitro
Artificial Insemination- semen is ‘collected’ from the male (sire/stud) and manually depositing into female
Pros- can breed more females in a short time, better genetic selection
Cons- expensive, requires specialized training, costs time and labor
Natural Cover- actual physical mating of a male and female of a species
Pros- cheaper, less time required by owner
Cons- dangerous to stud, limited to local/cheap studs
In-vitro- process in which egg/ova is fertilized outside the uterus (ie test tube/culture dish
Pros- can utilize genes of superior female that cannot reproduce (not so much cows
Cons- very expensive

17. Dystocia Definition- difficult birth
During birth, when the baby (calf, lamb, foal) presents itself in the wrong position
Correct position- front hooves first, then nose, then rest of body.

18. Twinning- Multiples are very common in sheep, and sometimes occur in cattle. Rare in horses and twin foals don’t always survive.
Freemartinism- sexual abnormality in cattle. Causes infertility in a female calf born with a male twin. Female demonstrates male behavior and has non-functioning ovaries
Occasionally occurs in pigs, sheep, goats

19. Genetics
Autosomes- chromosomes that determine traits other than gender
Sex Chromosomes- 1 pair of chromosomes that determine gender
X Chromosome- Female (XX)
Y Chromosome- Male (XY)
Half of total chromosomes come from father, half come from mother

20. Phenotype- outwardly displayed trait
Genotype- genetic code of a specific trait
2 types of traits: Dominant and Recessive
Dominant genes will ALWAYS be displayed
Recessive genes will only be displayed if there is no dominant gene present
Homozygous Dominant- BB
Homozygous Recessive- bb- recessive is shown
Heterozygous- Bb – Dominant is shown

21. B BB Punnett Squares Parent 1’s Chromosomes of specific traitB BB
Parent 2’s Chromosomes of specific trait

22. 100 % of offspring will show dominant trait
Homozygous Dominant B BB
100 % of offspring will show dominant trait

23. 100% of offspring will show recessive trait
Homozygous Recessive b bb
100% of offspring will show recessive trait

24. Heterozygous B b BB Bb bbB b BB Bb bb
25% of offspring will beHomozygous Dominant (BB)
25% of offspring will be Homozygous Recessive (bb)
50% of offspring will be Heterozygous (Bb)
75% will show Dominant trait
25% will show Recessive Trait

25. On your own….