1. Lab 4 Bone and Axial Skeleton
J.R. Schiller, PhD., G.R. Pitts, PhD., & Amy L. Thompson, Ph.D.

2. Lab 4 Activities Describe functions of skeleton
Learn histology of bone and cartilage using microslides, figures, and osteon models
Learn general anatomy of a long bone
Classify bones by shape/origin
Define each of the various bone markings
Identify all bones and their bone markings of the axial skeleton individually or in articulated skeletons (see list, pp. 4-9 to 4-13)

3. Functions of Bones Support - framework for body Protection of:
many internal organs including the brain, spinal cord, thoracic (heart and lungs) organs, and pelvic (reproductive) organs
Movement - muscle attachments to bones
Mineral homeostasis – storage resevoir of Ca++, PO-4
Hemopoiesis: Site of blood cell production in red bone marrow

4. Bone Tissue Compact Spongy appears very dense
small struts of bone = trabeculae are generally oriented with the directions of stress

5. Spongy Bone

6. Histology of Compact Bone
Structural unit is the osteon

7. The Osteon
osteon
Central canal
Slide 19

8. Ground Bone
Slide 19
lamellae
(central canals)

9. Hyaline Cartilage
Slide 17
Slide 17
Lacunae w/chondrocytes

10. Elastic Cartilage
Slide 16

11. Fibrocartilage
Slide 18

12. Classification of Bones
Long, short, flat, and irregular (shape)
Wormian (Sutural): extra flat bones of cranium
Sesamoid: bones that form in tendon
Normal: patellae
Pathological: bone spurs

13. Structure of a Long Bone
Diaphysis (shaft)
medullary (marrow) cavity
red (hematopoietic) marrow in infancy
yellow (fat) marrow later
Compact bone (mostly)
nutrient foramina
Epiphyseal Plate (line)
Connects diaphysis to epiphyses
epiphyseal plate - growth plate in childhood
Epiphyseal line when growth ends
Epiphysis (“end”)
articular cartilage - hyaline cartilage
Spongy bone w/red marrow

14. The Axial Skeleton (blue)

15. Lateral Aspect of the Skull

16. Medial Aspect of the Skull

17. Inferior Aspect of the Skull

18. Inferior Aspect of Cranium

19. The Vertebral Column Note the Double Curvature of the Spine.
It is an Adaptation for Upright Posture.

20. Examine the Vertebrae from All Angles

21. Posterolateral View of Articulated Vertebrae
Much of the Rotation of the Head Occurs at the Joint Between the Atlas (C1) and Dens of the Axis (C2).

22. Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae
Key Differences Among Vertebral Types:
Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae
For
Blood
Vessels
Size Of
Body
Facets for Rib to Attach.
No Facets for Rib to Attach

23. The Bony Thorax

24. End Lab 4 Presentation .