1. Adenike O. Alaga, MPH student Walden University PUBH 6165-1 DR. Eve Clute Fall, 2011

2. General public Parents of infants and very young children Elderly and those caring for them Those who are immunosuppressed due such diseases as HIV/AIDS. U.S. department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bad Bug Book: Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/food/foodsafety/foodborneillness/foodborneillnessfoodbornepatho... on 9/16/2011

3. Motile bacterium Rod-shaped Non-sporeforming Gram negative Causes Salmonellosis Over 2,500 types and serotypes World Health Organization (2005). Drug-resistant Salmonella. Fact sheet 139. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacenter/factsheets/fs139/en/ on 09/19/2011 U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bad bug book: Pathogenic Microorganisms and natural toxins handbook- Salmonella spp. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/food/foodsafety/foodborneillness/foodborneillnessfoodbornepatho on 09/16/2011

4. Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteriditis are most important serotypes of salmonella that cause transmission of salmonellosis from animals to humans. World Health Organization (2005). Drug-resistant Salmonella, Fact sheet 139. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacenter/factsheets/fs139/en/ on 9/19/2011

5. Warm and cold blooded animals Chickens swine Rodents Dogs Humans Clark, M.(2005-2011). Salmonella Litigation: A Resource for Salmonella outbreak legal cases. Retrieved from http://www.salmonellalitigation.com/salmonella_vehicles/view/category/person-to-person/ Todar, M.(2009). The Microbial World: Lectures in microbiology: Salmonella and Salmonellosis. Retrieved from http://textbookofbacteriology.net/themicrobialworld/salmonella.html Vermont Department of Health: Agency of Human Services. (2005). Salmonella. Retrieved from http://healthvermont.gov/prevent/salmonella/salmonella.aspx#five World Health Organization(2005). Drug-resistant Salmonella, Fact sheet 139. Retrieved from Http://www.who.int/mediacenter/factsheets/fs139/en/ on 9/19/2011

6. meats Eggs Poultry Swine & frog leg Unpasteurized milk & milk products Yeast Fish and shrimp Cake mix Peanut better Salad dressing & sauces Desserts with cream fillings & topping

7. Soil Insects Water Animal feces Factory surfaces Raw poultry Raw seafood Raw meat

8. Poor food handling Contaminated food Contaminated water

9. Fever Stomach pain & cramps Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea

10. More chronic consequences such as arthritic symptoms can show up 3 to 4 weeks following the unset of acute symptoms. Salmonella can cause blood stream infection known as Sepsis, which is severe and again life threatening if proper treatment with antibiotics and fluids are not initiated promptly.

11. Stool culture to identify serology Followed by treatment with antimicrobials that can be administered orally or by intravenous injections. World Health Organization(2005). Drug-resistant Salmonella, Fact sheet 139. Retrieved from Http://www.who.int/mediacenter/factsheets/fs139/en/ on 9/19/2011

12. For adults: Fluoroquinolones For children: Cephalosporins Alternative choices: Chloramphenicol Ampicillin Amoxicillin Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole World Health Organization(2005). Drug-resistant Salmonella, Fact sheet 139. Retrieved from Http://www.who.int/mediacenter/factsheets/fs139/en/ on 9/19/2011

13. Eggs/meats/poultry Keep refrigerated, at less than or equal to 4 degrees Celsius. Only buy from stores that do the same. Clean food surface contact areas with soap and water, then disinfect using sanitizing agents such as bleach. Wash hands with soap and water after handling raw meat, egg, or poultry

14. Cook meat, poultry and eggs thoroughly, eat them in a timely manner, and refrigerate any uncooked or left over portions promptly. When dinning out in restaurants, avoid foods made with eggs that are unpasteurized or uncooked, and meats that have not been thoroughly cooked. Infants, young children, elderly and those with immunosuppressive illnesses especially should not eat any kind of raw and uncooked meats or eggs. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(2011). Tips to reduce your risk of salmonella from eggs. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/features/salmonellaeggs/ on 9/19/2011

15. Cleanse raw vegetables as best as possible, removing any visible dirt and soil. When in doubt about water; whether because of color, taste, odor, or source dont drink it. Its always better to be safe than sorry. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(2011). Tips to reduce your risk of salmonella from eggs. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/features/salmonellaeggs/ on 9/19/2011

16. Wash hands Wash food thoroughly Wash utensils and surfaces Cook thoroughly Eat food in timely fashion Refrigerate promptly If it looks or smells suspicious dont eat it

17. Alaga, A.(2011). Foodborne illness and pesticide residues. Originally written on 09/22/2011 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). Tips to reduce your risk of salmonella from eggs. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/features/salmonellaeggs/ on 9/19/2011 http://www.cdc.gov/features/salmonellaeggs/ Clark, M.(2005-2011). Salmonella Litigation: A resource for salmonella outbreak legal cases. Retrieved from http://www.salmonellalitigation.com/salmonella_vehicles/view/category/person-to-person/ http://www.salmonellalitigation.com/salmonella_vehicles/view/category/person-to-person/ Todar, M.(2009). The microbial world: Lectures in microbiology: Salmonella and Salmonellosis. Retrieved from http://textbookofbacteriology.net/themicrobialworld/salmonella.html U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (U.S. Food and Drug administration). Bad Bug Book- salmonella spp. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/food/foodsafety/foodborneillness/foodborneillnessfoodbornepatho... on 9/16/2011 http://www.fda.gov/food/foodsafety/foodborneillness/foodborneillnessfoodbornepatho... on 9/16/2011 Vermont Department of Health: Agency of Human Services.(2005). Salmonella. Retrieved from http://healthvermont.gov/prevent/salmonella/salmonella.aspx#five World Health Organization (2005). Drug-resistant Salmonella. Fact sheet 139. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacenter/factsheets/fs139/en/ on 09/19/2011

18. For more reading and information on the subject of Salmonella and Salmonellosis please visit the following websites: www.cdc.gov www.fda.gov www.who.int Your local health department would also be an excellent source of information on salmonella and salmonellosis infection.