1. SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT OF PEST IN PADDY CULTIVATION

2. 1. Green leafhopper Nephotettix virescens
Adults - are green with black spot and black patch on wings.

4. Symptom of damage
Both nymphs and adults feed on rice by sucking the plant sap
They migrate to the field soon after seedlings have emerged.
Yellowing of leaves from tip to downwards. Vector for the diseases viz., Rice tungro virus, rice yellow & transitory yellowing
Yellowing
Rice tungro virus

5. Management
biological control :wasps parasitize the eggs. They are attacked by aquatic veliid bugs, nabid bugs, empid flies, damselflies, dragonflies, and spiders
Use resistant varieties.
The vegetation on the bunds should also be sprayed with the insecticides
Set up light traps

6. 2. Rice case worm Nymphula depunctalis
Larva Adult

7. Symptom of damage
Caterpillars feed on green tissues of the leaves and leave become whitish papery
Tubular cases around the tillers by cutting the apical portion of leaves
Floating of tubular cases on the water
Eg:Case tubes

8. Management cultural control:
the use of correct fertilizer application,
wider spacing (30 × 20 mm)
early planting
draining the field
transplanting older seedlings
growing a ratoon can also help control this insect
dislodge the cases – running rope

9. biological agents:
snails are useful (predate on eggs), Spiders, dragon flies, birds
Chemical control
larvae are highly sensitive to insecticides.
The use of foliar treatments-
carbamate
Pyrethroids should be avoided

10. 3.Black bug Scotinophara lurida
The newly emerged adult is white and tinged with green and pink
Mature adults are shiny dark
brown or black.

11. Symptoms of damage Both the adults and nymphs remove the plant sap
They prefer the stem nodes because of the large sap reservoirs
Black bugs feed on the rice plant from seedling to maturity growth stages
Heavy infestation and “bug burn” is usually visible after heading or maturing feeding damage of black bugs causes half-filled and empty grains.
Ten adults per hill can cause losses of up to 35% in some rice.

12. Management
maintain a clean field by removing the weeds and drying the rice field during ploughing
Direct-seeded rice crops tend to have less tillers in one planting point and thus discourage population growth
During early infestation, the water level in the field may be raised for 2-3 days to force the insects to move upwards.
Flooding the fields can also cause higher egg mortality. After harvest, fields might be ploughed to remove remaining insects.

13. In the field, there are biological control agents such as small wasps that parasitize the eggs.
Ground beetles, spiders, crickets, and red ants attack the eggs, nymphs, and adults.
Both the eggs and the nymphs are fed-upon by coccinellid beetles

14. 4. Yellow stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas
Egg
Larva
Adult

16. Symptom of damage Presence of brown coloured egg mass near leaf tip.
Caterpillar bore into central shoot of paddy seedling and tiller
Causes drying of the central shoot known as “dead heart”
Grown up plant whole panicle becomes dried “white ear”.
Dead heart
White ear

17. Management Cultural control
proper timing of planting and synchronous planting.
harvesting at ground level to remove the larvae in stubble.
Ploughing and flooding
egg masses should be handpicked
The level of irrigation water can be raised periodically to submerge the eggs deposited on the lower parts of the plant.

18. 5. Swarming caterpillar (Rice armyworm) Spodoptera mauritia
Adult
larva

20. Symptom of damage This pest attacks all stages of the rice crop
Larvae cut the seedlings in large scale
It becomes very destructive when the population is high that it can totally devour the host plant
Mature panicles are cut off from the base of the plants
Severe infestation - cattle grazing appearance to the field.

21. Management
Parasitoids such as tachinids, ichneumonids, eulophids, chalcids, and braconid wasps parasitize this pest
Ants, ducks and birds feed on the pest.
Fungal diseases and viruses also infect the larvae
Chemical control :when populations are extremely high
E.g Pyrethroids

22. 6. Gall midge Orseolia oryzae
Egg     
Adult   

24. Symptom of damage Maggot feeds at the base of the growing shoot
Causing formation of a tube like gall that is similar to “onion leaf” or “Silver-shoot”.
Infested tillers produce no panicles.

25. Tuber gall

26. Management
Remove the alternate hosts and adjust the time of planting (early)
Optimum recommendation of potash fertilizer
Setup light trap and monitor the adult flies

27. Cultural control :
Ploughing ratoon of the previous crop
Harvest the crop and plough immediately
Use early maturing  varieties
removing all off-season plant
Biological control:
The pupa is host to some species of wasps.
spiders eat the adults.
Resistant varieties
Eg: BG 304, BG 350
installing Light traps,
-Split application of Nitrogen fertilizers
application of insecticide
(Eg : Carbofuran, Diaczinon)

28. 7. Rice skipper Pelopidas mathias
Larva: Pale green with constructed neck.
Adult: Butterfly with brown coloured wings and curved antenna
Adult
Caterpillar 

29. Symptom of damage Edges of the leaves are fastened with webbing.
Backward rolling of leaves,
caterpillar feeds from margin to  inwards

30. Management
Spray endosulfan 35 EC 1000 ml / ha  or   monocrotophos 36 WSC 500 ml / ha

31. 8. Leaf folder (or) leaf roller Cnaphalocrocis mainsails / Marasmia patnalis
Larva
Adult

33. Symptom of damage
Leaves fold longitudinally and larvae remains inside.
Larvae scrapes the green tissues of the leaves and becomes white and dry.
During severe infestation the whole field exhibits scorched appearance

34.       
white and dried leaves
Longitudinal folding 
larva inside the fold 

35. Management Cultural control not use too much
Maintaining of surrounding grass habitats
Biological control
wasps and crickets attack eggs
larval and pupal stages :parasitized
by many species of wasps
Damselflies, ants, beetles, wasps,
prefer the larva
effective predator of rice leaf folder larvae.

36. 9. Green horned caterpillar Melanitis leda ismene
Adult
Pupa

38. Damage Larva feeds on leaf blades of rice.
Leaves are defoliated from the margin or tip irregularly.
minor pests of rice

39. Management
Natural enemies usually control their populations and rice compensate from the feeding damage of green horned caterpillars
Spray -Endosulfan
-Monocrotophos

40. 10. Mole cricket Gryllotalpa orientalis
modified for digging
have strong teeth-like structures

42. Damage tunnels into the soil using its enlarged fore legs.
It feeds on seeds and resulting in loss of plant stand or poor crop stands.
It feeds on rice during the seed to seedling stages of the crop.

43. Management Cultural control – Maintaining standing water
Bund shaving and plastering of fresh wet soil
The rice field can be flooded for 3-4 days.
Modern varieties with long and dense fibrous can tolerate damage better
Biological control-
a sphecid wasp, carabid beetle,
nematodes,

44. 11. Yellow hairy caterpillar Psalis pennatula
Larva
-Caterpillar is yellowish brown with red stripes
-Orange head and tufts of hairs all over the body.
Pupa
-pale white cocoon of silk and frass attached to the leaf
Adult
-Moth is stout with straw coloured forewings.

45. Symptoms of damage
Caterpillar causes defoliation

46. Management cultural control :
draining the rice field for 3-4 days during the early stage of infestation
Nitrogen application can be split to reduce BPH build up
Synchronous planting within 3 weeks of staggering and maintaining a free-rice period could also decrease the build-up of BPH.

47. Eggs are preyed upon by mirid bugs and phytoseiid mites.
Biological control :
Eggs are preyed upon by mirid bugs and phytoseiid mites.
Nymphs and adults are eaten by spiders and coccinellid beetles.
Resistant varieties:
A number of varieties with moderate level of resistance to BPH have been developed
Bg 379-2, Bg 300, Bg 403, Bg 304, Bg 357, Bg 358, Bg 360 and 1. AT 402.
Chemical control:
Spray Endosulfan or Monocrotophos

48. 12. Grasshopper Hieroglyphus banian Short horned grasshopper Oxya  nitidula
Adults - Green, larger with transverse black lines on pronotum

49. Symptom of damage Irregular feeding on seedlings and leaf blade
Cutting of stem at panicle stage
Completely defoliate the plants leaving only the mid ribs

50. Management
Expose the eggs to be picked up by birds after ploughing and trim the bunds
Dusting the crop with 5-10% BHC or methyl parathion kg/ha
Dusting malathion 20 kg/ha.

51. 13. Spiny beetle / Rice hispa Dicladispa armigera
Larva - Grub is minute, flat and yellow
Adult - Blue - black shiny beetle with spines on the thorax and elytra
Adult

52. Symptoms of damage
Adults feed on chlorophyll by scraping and causing white parallel streaks
White patches along with long axis of leaf.
Grubs mine into the leaves and make blister near leaf tips.

53. blister near leaf tips
white parallel streaks

54. Management Leaf tip containing blotch mines should be destroyed
Manual collection and killing of beetles – hand nets
Spray endosulfan 35

55. 14. Whorl maggot Hydrellia philippina
Maggot - Yellowish white in colour.
Adult - Small dull grey fly.

56. Symptom of damage Maggot feeds on the tender tissue inside the whorl
Yellowish white longitudinal marginal blotching with hole
Leaves shrivelled plant stunted and maturity delayed.
Drooping of young leaves near the tip

57. Yellowish white blotching

58. Management
Remove the alternate hosts and adjust the time of planting (early)
Use early maturing  varieties
Optimum recommendation of potash fertilizer
Small wasps parasitized the eggs and the maggots.
The rice plant can compensate for the damage caused by the rice whorl maggot.

59. 15. Brown plant leafhopper Nilaparvata lugens
 Adult: Brown body and chestnut brown eyes. It has two forms viz.,
(Macropterous (long winged) and brachypterous (short winged).

61. Symptoms of damage
Nymphs and adults congregate at the base of the plant above the water level
Affected plant dries up and gives a scorched appearance called “hopper burn”.
Circular patches of drying and lodging of matured plant
It is vector of grassy stunt, ragged stunt and wilted stunt diseases

62. Hopper burn
Hopper burn

63. Management cultural control
draining the rice field for 3-4 days during the early stage of infestation
Synchronous planting within 3 weeks
Avoid close planting
Avoid use of excessive nitrogenous fertilizers
Control irrigation by intermittent draining
Set up light traps during night
Drain the water before the use of insecticides

64. Biological control :
Eggs are preyed upon by mirid bugs and phytoseiid mites.
Nymphs and adults are eaten by spiders and coccinellid beetles.
Resistant varieties:
A number of varieties with moderate level of resistance to BPH have been developed
Bg 379-2, Bg 300, Bg 403, Bg 304, Bg 357, Bg 358, Bg 360 and 1. AT 402.

65. 16. White backed plant hopper Sogatella furcifera
Nymph - White in colour and pronotum is pale yellow.
Adult - Possess a diamond like marking on the thorax and ovipositional site is black streaks.
Nymphs and adults

66. Damage Suck the sap and cause stunted growth.
“Hopper burn” is caused in irregular patches.

67. Management Avoid use of excessive nitrogenous fertilizers
Control irrigation by intermittent draining
Apply any one of the following
Monocrotophos
Carbofuran

68. 17. Mealybug Brevennia rehi
Adult - Small reddish white, soft-bodied
wingless insect covered with filamentous materials.

69. Damage
Large number of insects remains in leaf sheath and suck the sap.
Plants become week, yellowish and very much stunted in circular patches.
Presence of white waxy fluff in leaf sheaths

70. Management
Durin field preparation - remove the grasses from the bunds and trim the bunds
Remove and destroy the affected plants.
 Spray any one of the following insecticides in the initial stage of infestation
dimethoate
methyl demeton
Conserve the natural enemies like Scymnus sp.,Anatrichus pygmaeus, and Mepachymerus ensifer

71. 18. Paddy bug Leptocorisa acuta
Adult

72. Symptoms of damage
Sucking the sap from individual grains, which are in milky stage.
Individual grains become chaffy
Black spots on the grains at the site of feeding puncture.
Buggy odour in rice field during milky stage

73. Eggs 
Black spots 

74. Management Cultural control removal of alternate hosts early planting
use of late-maturing cultivars.
Netting and handpicking the bugs reduce their numbers.

75. biological control: chemical control
small wasps parasitize the eggs and the meadow grasshoppers prey on them.
spiders
coccinellid beetles
dragonflies
use of entomopathogens
chemical control
Fenthoate
Cabaryl
Diacinon

76. 19.Zigzag leafhopper Recilia dorsalis
found in all rice environments
It is abundant during the early rainy season in the early growth stages of the rice plant
adults usually stay in the upper parts of the rice plants.
Zigzag leafhopper nymph
adult

78. Management
parasites and predators
Mymarid wasp and the mirid bug prey on the eggs

79. 20. Thrips Stenchaetothrips biformis
Adults - are dark brown in colour
Larvae
Adult

81. Symptoms of damage
Laceration of  the tender leaves and suck the plant sap.
Yellow (or) silvery streaks on the leaves of young seedlings. Terminal rolling and drying of leaves from tip to base It causes damage both in nursery and main field.
Initial - inward rolling silvery streaks

82. Management Cultural control
Flooding to submerge the infested field for 2 days
Biological control
Predatory thrips
coccinellid beetles
Avoid staggered cultivation
Insecticide application:
Dimethoate, Fenthion, Diacinon, Cabaryla

83. Group Members P.M.G.S.K.Attanayake AG/07/08/07
K.L.D.S.Chandradasa AG/07/08/14
K.P.N.K.Chandrasiri AG/07/08/15

84. Thank You