1. Kashmiri Constructivism
Marc Unger
Elizabethtown College

2. Content Introduction to the Topic Theorectial Implementation
Methodology
Norms Analysis Timeline
Discussion and Limitations
Conclusions

3. Introduction to Kashmir policy
Contentious region since 1947
Currently separated into three nations, including China
UN began work in Kashmir after war in 1949
India cycles through periods of peace talks and conflict with Pakistan
Cabinet-level talks occurred consistently until 26/11
Modi’s BJP takes hard stance on sovereignty of Kashmir with use of force

4. Research Design Hypothesis Prior Research Theoretical Backing
Two major events, 26/11 and Prime Minister Modi, present a significant shift in diplomatic norms in the case of Indian relations with Pakistan.
Prior Research
Ogden (2010) found a significant shift in the period between 1998 and 2004 due to the election of the National Democratic Alliance in India.
Theoretical Backing
Constructivism in International Relations

5. Theoretical Implementation
International Relations Theories
Psychological Theories
Mutual Radicalization
Communal Polarization
In-Group Favoritism
Realism
Liberalism
Constructivism

6. Theory for India case Study
Constructivvism
Presence of internal factors more significant than external influences
Need for group-psychological understanding
In-Group Favoritism
Preference for one’s own group at the expense of another
Implemented to analyze government decision-making

7. Methodology Norms Analysis Timeline
Documentation of major events that garner a norm shift
26/11 ( ), and Prime Minister Modi ( )
Implementation of a simple count of diplomatic endeavors between 2006 and 2019
Bilateral Meetings and Diplomatic Demarches
Presentation of core norms historically implemented by India regarding Pakistan
Mutual Respect, Peaceful Cooexistence, and Non-Interference
Psychological Observation
Underpinning reasoning for actions taken by the state

8. Subjects of analysis 26/11 Prime Minister Modi and the BJP
Terrorist bombing in Mumbai, November 11th, 2008
Carried out by Jaiesh e Mohammed, originally from Pakistan
Similar reactions by Americans after 9/11
Prime Minister Modi and the BJP
Elected to parliament in 2014 with a majority for Bharitya Janata Party
Closely affiliated with RSS, known nationalist organization banned four times
Party focus is domestic, with zero tolerance for Pakistani efforts in counterterrorism

9. Norms Analysis Timeline Indian Policy with Pakistan
Major Event
Diplomatic Efforts
Present Norms
Psychology
Before 26/11 (06-08)
Bilateral Mtgs: 32
Demarches: 1
Mutual Respect, Peaceful Coexistence Non-Interference
Regional Allies in the fight against terrorism, same group.
After 26/11 (09-11)
Bilateral Mtgs: 12
Demarches: 0
Mutual Resepect
Peaceful Coexistence
Non-Interference
In-Group Favoritism based on drop in bilateral meetings.
Before Modi (12-14)
Bilateral Mtgs: 11
Non Interference
Same group, but resentful for no result in counterterrror.
After Modi (14-19)
Bilateral Mtgs: 2
Demarches: 7
Peaceful Coexistence?
In-Group Favoritism based on spike in Demarces

10. Discussion Shift in Bilateral Meetings Shift in Demarches
Drop to almost zero after 26/11
Drop again after Modi
Shift in Demarches
One in 2006 against the Netherlands
Seven by Modi, all against Pakistan
Norms Analysis Timeline is applicable to a given nation-state along with a policy issue

11. Conclusions
Definitive Norm Shift in India after 26/11 and again after Modi
Kashmir remains an impossible issue with no motivation for peace on either side
Nationalism has the Majority in India, and Populism in Pakistan with Imran Khan as PM
The future of Kashmir peace lies in the hands of new Indian administrations

12. Thank you!