Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
Kashmiri Constructivism
Marc Unger Elizabethtown College
2
Content Introduction to the Topic Theorectial Implementation
Methodology Norms Analysis Timeline Discussion and Limitations Conclusions
3
Introduction to Kashmir policy
Contentious region since 1947 Currently separated into three nations, including China UN began work in Kashmir after war in 1949 India cycles through periods of peace talks and conflict with Pakistan Cabinet-level talks occurred consistently until 26/11 Modi’s BJP takes hard stance on sovereignty of Kashmir with use of force
4
Research Design Hypothesis Prior Research Theoretical Backing
Two major events, 26/11 and Prime Minister Modi, present a significant shift in diplomatic norms in the case of Indian relations with Pakistan. Prior Research Ogden (2010) found a significant shift in the period between 1998 and 2004 due to the election of the National Democratic Alliance in India. Theoretical Backing Constructivism in International Relations
5
Theoretical Implementation
International Relations Theories Psychological Theories Mutual Radicalization Communal Polarization In-Group Favoritism Realism Liberalism Constructivism
6
Theory for India case Study
Constructivvism Presence of internal factors more significant than external influences Need for group-psychological understanding In-Group Favoritism Preference for one’s own group at the expense of another Implemented to analyze government decision-making
7
Methodology Norms Analysis Timeline
Documentation of major events that garner a norm shift 26/11 ( ), and Prime Minister Modi ( ) Implementation of a simple count of diplomatic endeavors between 2006 and 2019 Bilateral Meetings and Diplomatic Demarches Presentation of core norms historically implemented by India regarding Pakistan Mutual Respect, Peaceful Cooexistence, and Non-Interference Psychological Observation Underpinning reasoning for actions taken by the state
8
Subjects of analysis 26/11 Prime Minister Modi and the BJP
Terrorist bombing in Mumbai, November 11th, 2008 Carried out by Jaiesh e Mohammed, originally from Pakistan Similar reactions by Americans after 9/11 Prime Minister Modi and the BJP Elected to parliament in 2014 with a majority for Bharitya Janata Party Closely affiliated with RSS, known nationalist organization banned four times Party focus is domestic, with zero tolerance for Pakistani efforts in counterterrorism
9
Norms Analysis Timeline Indian Policy with Pakistan
Major Event Diplomatic Efforts Present Norms Psychology Before 26/11 (06-08) Bilateral Mtgs: 32 Demarches: 1 Mutual Respect, Peaceful Coexistence Non-Interference Regional Allies in the fight against terrorism, same group. After 26/11 (09-11) Bilateral Mtgs: 12 Demarches: 0 Mutual Resepect Peaceful Coexistence Non-Interference In-Group Favoritism based on drop in bilateral meetings. Before Modi (12-14) Bilateral Mtgs: 11 Non Interference Same group, but resentful for no result in counterterrror. After Modi (14-19) Bilateral Mtgs: 2 Demarches: 7 Peaceful Coexistence? In-Group Favoritism based on spike in Demarces
10
Discussion Shift in Bilateral Meetings Shift in Demarches
Drop to almost zero after 26/11 Drop again after Modi Shift in Demarches One in 2006 against the Netherlands Seven by Modi, all against Pakistan Norms Analysis Timeline is applicable to a given nation-state along with a policy issue
11
Conclusions Definitive Norm Shift in India after 26/11 and again after Modi Kashmir remains an impossible issue with no motivation for peace on either side Nationalism has the Majority in India, and Populism in Pakistan with Imran Khan as PM The future of Kashmir peace lies in the hands of new Indian administrations
12
Thank you!
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com. Inc.
All rights reserved.