1. Malaria inflammation by xanthine oxidase‐produced reactive oxygen species
A, BMacrophages produce little to no inflammatory cytokines when incubated with either (A) whole iRBC or (B) fresh iRBCL for 24 h. One‐way ANOVA with Tukey test for multiple comparisons was performed to determine statistical significance. CMacrophages were pre‐incubated with IFNγ (1,000 U/ml) for 18 h before iRBCL stimulation. One‐way ANOVA with Tukey test for multiple comparisons was performed to determine statistical significance. DPhase‐contrast microscopy of macrophages 24 h after the addition of RBC, iRBC, or LPS. Dark hemozoin crystals can be observed within macrophages. Scale bar is 30 μm. EMacrophages were incubated with iRBCL 24 h before addition of LPS. Paired t‐test was performed to determine statistical significance. Data information: Each symbol represents the value obtained for cells from an independent donor in an independent experiment. (A) n = 4; (B) n = 5; (C) n = 3; (E) n = 3. Asterisks indicate significance (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001) when values were compared with RBC (A–C) or RBCL (E).Source data are available online for this figure.
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EMBO Mol Med, Volume: 11, Issue: 8, First published: 02 July 2019, DOI: ( /emmm )