1. Mr. Saroj G. C. 1

2. In this presentation  What is it?  How it should be?  Purposes  Difference between Theoretical Framework and Conceptual Framework  How to Draw it? Steps  Example Mr. Saroj G. C. 2

3. What is it?  A written or visual presentation that:  Explains either graphically or in narrative form, the main things to be studied, the key factors, concepts or variables.  And the presumed relationship between and among the factors  A Conceptual Framework represents way of thinking about a problem or a study or way of representing about a problem or a study or way of representing how complex things are (Bordage, 2009) Mr. Saroj G. C. 3

4.  Conceptual framework is a structure which the researcher believes could best explain the natural progression of the phenomenon to be studied (Camp, 2001).  It offers a logical structure of connected concepts that help provide a picture or visual display of how ideas in a study relate to one another (Grant & Osanloo, 2014).  Emanates from theories that influence a research or underpin a construct under study  It is like a lighthouse. Mr. Saroj G. C. 4

5.  Theories could be from a singular influence (discipline) or from a multidisciplinary vantage point  Could comprise of :  several constructs (diplomacy, emotional intelligence, nonverbal communication, language, culture) or  ideas about particular participants (young adults, elderly, preschool children, migrants) or  could even be around different outcomes (psychopathy, HIV + status, reduction in psy-symptom). Mr. Saroj G. C. 5

6. Model Continuum Mr. Saroj G. C. 6 Ngulube, Mathipa and Gumbo, 2015, p, 4.

7. How it should be?  Establishment of the tentative relationships between the concepts/assumptions/variables included in the study.  Visualizing conceptual causal threads to form a representation of inter-relatedness among the identified issues or variables.  Identification of possible answers to the research questions?  How are the possible answers to the question explained and defended? Mr. Saroj G. C. 7

8.  a motivation for selecting concepts and linking them to a research problem;  a set of concepts and aspects of theories that assist in establishing coherence  in research;  less developed than theories;  giving direction to research, just as the theoretical framework does;  a diagrammatic representation of concepts and their relationship in a specific  research context; and  linking abstractions to empirical data. (Ngulube, Mathipa and Gumbo, 2015, p, 6.) Mr. Saroj G. C. 8

9. Purpose  Identify Relevant Variables  Define Variables/Concepts  Have an Idea of Analysis  Outline from Input to Output Mr. Saroj G. C. 9

10. Theory or Concept  A Theory is used in the broad sense to refer to an abstraction which summarizes and explains phenomena  Concepts are mental images or ideas relating to phenomena or objects that share common properties  A conceptual framework is the researcher’s idea on how the research problem will have to be explored. This is founded on the theoretical framework, which lies on a much broader scale of resolution. The theoretical framework dwells on time tested theories that embody the findings of numerous investigations on how phenomena occur. Mr. Saroj G. C. 10

11. Different Between Mr. Saroj G. C. 11

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13. How to draw it?  If you drew a picture of your research, this would be a conceptual framework because it visualizes the variables and how they are related Steps:  Identifying the relevant concepts  Defining those concepts  Operationalizing the concepts  Identifying any moderating or intervening variables/concepts  Identifying the relationship between variables/concepts Mr. Saroj G. C. 13

14. For example Mr. Saroj G. C. 14

15. Research Questions 1. What is the demographic profile of the participants? 2. What are the group formation factors in the development of IPM farmers’ associations? 3. To what extent does knowledge acquisition impact group formation? 4. What demographic characteristics are related to group formation? Mr. Saroj G. C. 15

16. Research Questions  What is the socio-economic condition of women?  What is the degree of women’s autonomy in decision- making?  What the areas of household decision making for women?  What are the factors that influence women’s decision making?  What are the aspects that can empower women’s decision making power? Mr. Saroj G. C. 16

17. Mr. Saroj G. C. 17 Women’s Autonomy in Household Decision Making