1. accessed from the web about 2000 times
Jean-Philippe Putaud
European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability
accessed from the web about 2000 times
EMEP Workshop, 20 Apr. 2004

2. Aim at fulfilling users’ needs Aerosols and Health:
Which physical or chemical PM characteristic is responsible for health effects?
Aerosols and Climate:
It is expected that negotiations beyond the Kyoto Protocol will have to consider also the role of aerosols.
Aerosol Modeling
Models need testing and validation against fundamental data such as aerosol particle size distributions and chemical compositions.
EMEP Workshop, 20 Apr. 2004

3. Compilation of data-sets including: PM chemical composition OR
particle number size distribution
+ independent measurement of PM mass concentration
Beyond the current EMEP monitoring program
Data collected mainly from other scientific projects
Checking mass closure  grip on data quality
Combines time integrated (chemistry, PM mass) and continuous measurements (number size distribution)
When more than 6 weeks covered over 1 season.
Annual averages <=> at least 1 full year of data).
EMEP Workshop, 20 Apr. 2004

4. natural rural near-city urban kerbside
34 sites
A CCU compilation including 14 European laboratories
natural rural near-city urban kerbside
full year data set
seasonal data set
EMEP Workshop, 20 Apr. 2004

5. What have we learned from 24 h-integrated measurements (1)
PM2.5 (µg/m³)
PM10 (µg/m³)
No monotonic increase in PM10 when shifting from near-city to kerbside sites
natural rural near-city urban kerbside
EMEP Workshop, 20 Apr. 2004

6. What have we learned from 24 h-integrated measurements (2)
PM2.5 / PM10 ratio
natural rural near-city urban kerbside
PM2.5/PM10 ratio increases with PM10 except at kerbside sites
EMEP Workshop, 20 Apr. 2004

7. What have we learned from 24 h-integrated measurements (3)
PM10 composition
Chemical composition quite similar for each site type, except:
more sea salt in Belgium, more dust in Spain, less sulfate in Bologna
natural rural near-city urban kerbside
EMEP Workshop, 20 Apr. 2004

8. natural and rural background near-city and urban background kerbside
PM10
SO42- is the main contributor to both PM10 and PM2.5 at natural and rural background sites
OM MIGHT be the main contributor to both PM10 and PM2.5 at near-city, urban background and kerbside sites
sampling artifacts [show 6 data point plot from Ispra?]. Programs were developed to address OM sampling artifacts-> not funded
OC/BC split [show round robin II?]
OC->OM conversion.
NO3- appears to be a significant contributor to PM10 and PM2.5 at urban background and kerbside sites :
green-yellow-red scatter plot (is it always well measured: introduce Schaap’s plot and show consequence on PM mass).
Problem resolved by EMEP if recommended methods are used => PM10 (and PM2.5) to be reconstructed from various filter types
BC contribution seems much larger at kerbside sites
Unaccounted mass is generally large: missing data for interpretation (what is it?)
PM2.5
EMEP Workshop, 20 Apr. 2004

9. Possible sampling artifacts OC / EC determination
How well do these data represent what is actually in the air (1) Organic Matter
Possible sampling artifacts
OC / EC determination
µgC/m³
artifact / particulate OC ratio
Ispra, Italy, 2000
µgC/m³
Organic Carbon  Organic Matter conversion
EMEP Workshop, 20 Apr. 2004

10. How well do these data represent what is actually in the air (2) (NH4)NO3
Milano,Italy
1998
NO3- from pre-fired Pallflex Quartz (µg/m³)
NO3- from HNO3 corrected Whatman 41 (µg/m³)
EMEP Workshop, 20 Apr. 2004

11. How well do these data represent what is actually in the air (3) water
Ispra, Italy, 2000
EMEP Workshop, 20 Apr. 2004

12. How well do these data represent what is actually in the air (4) Elemental Carbon
EC /TC
Comparison among 20 methods
EMEP Workshop, 20 Apr. 2004

13. What have we learned from continuous measurements
of number size distribution
Number size distributions show that particle number is lower during night (in spite of the mixed boundary layer height reduction which is generally observed)
This is mainly due to nm diameter particles (clearly at urban, rural and near-city sites)
EMEP Workshop, 20 Apr. 2004

14. Natural
Rural
Near-city
Urban
Kerbside
EMEP Workshop, 20 Apr. 2004

15. What suite of measurements are needed ?
natural rural near-city urban kerbside
EMEP Workshop, 20 Apr. 2004

16. EMEP Workshop, 20 Apr. 2004

17. However, a set of observations are quite robust, such as:
Concluding comments
The over-determination of the PM mass concentration is a useful tool to check for data consistency at a single site, but
The lack of harmonisation in sampling and analytical techniques makes comparisons between sites difficult.
However, a set of observations are quite robust, such as:
1. regional background significantly affects PM at urban sites
2. diurnal variations in number (and volume) concentrations,
3. predominance of carbonaceous species at most sites, specially in the smallest size fractions
EMEP Workshop, 20 Apr. 2004

18. A world wide aerosol phenomenology ?
annual average
A world wide aerosol phenomenology ?
Beijing 2000
Changsu
(Zhang et al, 2002)
PM2.5 µg/m³
natural rural near-city urban kerbside
EMEP Workshop, 20 Apr (18)
EMEP Workshop, 20 Apr. 2004

19. julian.wilson@jrc.it http://rea.ei.jrc.it/netshare/wilson/WDCA/
       
EMEP Workshop, 20 Apr (19)
EMEP Workshop, 20 Apr. 2004

20. World Data Centre for Aerosols
Research
projects
AEROCE
ACE’s
COSAM
AEROCOM
CREATE
ACCENT
compilations
WMO/GAW
network
IMPROVE
network
EMEP
network
CAPMON
network
PFR
network
IMPROVE
network
Links to regulatory networks (CAPMON (Canada), PFR (Radiometers). Not yet with IMPROVE
Work with data centers rather than with individual stations
Issue of formats
EMEP
CCC
NatChem
Data Centre
PMOD
WRRC
IMPROVE
Data Centre
WMO/GAW
World Data Centre for Aerosols
EMEP Workshop, 20 Apr. 2004

21. MANY THANKS to Urs Baltensperger Finn Palmgren Erika Brüggemann
Stefano Decesari
M.-Cristina Facchini
Sandro Fuzzi
Robert Gehrig
Hans-C. Hansson
Roy M. Harrison
Alan M. Jones
Paolo Laj
Willy Maenhaut
Nikolaos Mihalopoulos
Konrad Müller
Finn Palmgren
Xavier Querol
Sergio Rodriguez
Gerald Spindler
Harry ten Brink
Peter Tunved
Rita Van Dingenen
Birgit Wehner
Ernest Weingartner
Alfred Wiedensohler
Peter Wåhlin
and
Frank Raes
EMEP Workshop, 20 Apr. 2004

22. EMEP Workshop, 20 Apr. 2004

23. EMEP Workshop, 20 Apr. 2004