1. English Business 2 Lecture 1
Dea Adlina

2. Today’s lecture Subject, Verb, Complement & Modifier.
Verb Phrases & Tenses:
Verb Phrases: Two word verbs
Tenses: Past, Present, and Future
Subject – Verb Agreement
Singular Subject
Plural Subject
Either, Neither
Any + …
No + …
Some + …
Every + …
Gerunds as Subject
Collective Nouns, etc

3. Subject, Verb, Complement & Modifier
Review
Subject, Verb, Complement & Modifier

4. Subject, Verb, Complement & Modifier
Subject: a person or a noun or an adjective that is being discussed, described, or dealt with.
Verb: a word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence.
Complement: a word, phrase or clause that is necessary to complete the meaning of a given expression
Modifier: an optional element in phrase or clause structure used to modify (change the meaning of) another element in the structure, on which it is dependent.

5. Examples Trees grow She opened her book
Subject         Verb
She            opened        her book
Subject           Verb        Complement
Henry and Marcia    have visited     the president
Subject                 Verb Phrase        Complement
George       is cooking          dinner                 tonight
Subject       Verb Phrase     Complement       Modifier of Time
She        opened      a checking account      at the bank             last week
Subject      Verb             Complement          Modifier of Place     Modifier of Time

6. Subject Noun (phrase) or pronoun
The tiny cat jumped outside our house.
A gerund (phrase)
Her excessive bragging was annoying.
A to-infinitive (phrase)
To sing is easier than to act.
A full that-clause
That he had won the war was known to everyone.
A free relative clause
Wherever he went was always a disaster.
A direct quotation
I love you is often heard these days.
Zero (but implied) subject
Open the door!
An expletive it
It is raining.
A cataphor it
It was known by everyone that he had won the war.

7. Review Verb Phrases
Two word verbs

8. Two word verbs Phrasal verbs
A verb and a preposition wivh together have a special meaning.
It is especially common in informal English
Separable phrasal verbs
I handed in my paper yesterday.
I handed it in yesterday.
Nonseparable phrasal verbs
I ran into an old friend yesterday.

9. Two word verbs Phrasal verbs
Meaning
Put off
Drop by
Look up
Turn down
Take over
Hang up
Postpone
Visit informally
Look for information
Decrease volume or intensity OR Reject OR Refuse
Take control
Conclude a telephone conversation
and many more

10. Review Tenses
Past, Present, Future

11. Present

12. Present
Subject + Auxiliary Verb + V-ing
Subject + V1

13. Present Subject + have been Subject + have + V3 + V-ing
(Past Participle Form)

14. Past

15. Past
Subject + was/were + V-ing
Subject + V2

16. Past Subject + had been Subject + had + V3 + V-ing
(Past Participle Form)

17. Future

18. Future Subject + will / be going to + V1
Subject + will / (aux) going to + be + V-ing

19. Future
Subject
+ will have been
+ V-ing
Subject + will have
+ V3

20. Will or be going to? Prediction Prior plan Willingness
According to the weather report, it will be / is going to be cloudy tomorrow.
Be careful! You’ll hurt yourself!
Watch out! You’re going to hurt yourself!
Prior plan
Willingness
A: The phone’s ringing. B: I’ll get it A: I don’t understand this problem. B: Ask your teacher about it. She’ll help you.
A: Why did you buy this paint?
B: I’m going to paint my bedroom tomorrow.
I talked to Bob yesterday. He is tired of taking the bus to work. He’s going to buy a car. That’s what he told me.

21. Using Some, Any, Much, Many, A lot of, every, and A few
Expressions of Quantity
Using Some, Any, Much, Many, A lot of, every, and A few

22. COUNT or NONCOUNT ?? Common NONCOUNT nouns
Whole groups made up of similar items:
baggage, money/cash/change, jewelry, food, fruit
Fluids:
Water, coffee, tea, oil
Solids:
Ice, meat, gold, iron, paper
Gases:
Steam, air, oxygen, smoke, pollution
Particles:
Rice, corn, dust, hair, salt

23. COUNT or NONCOUNT ?? Common NONCOUNT nouns
Abstractions:
Beauty, confidence, time, work, grammar, peace, help, honesty
Languages:
Arabic, English, Japanese
Field of study:
Chemistry, literature, engineering
Recreation:
Baseball, tennis, chess, poker
General activity:
Driving, studying, walking (and other gerunds)
Natural phenomena:
Weather, heat, humidity, lightning, rain

24. Exercise COUNT or NONCOUNT ??
Advice U
Change C
City C
Garbage U
Hardware U
Homework U/C
Information U
Junk U
Luggage U C
Advice
Change
City
Garbage
Information
Stuff
Thunder
Luggage
Travelling
Trip

25. Expressions of Quantity
Used with count nouns
Used with noncount nouns
One
Each
Every
One apple
Each apple
Every apple Ø
Two
Both
A couple of
Three, etc.
A few
Several
Many
A number of
Two apples
Both apples
A couple of apples
Three apples
A few apples
Several apples
Many apples
A number of apples
A little
Much
A great deal of
A little rice
Much rice
A great deal of rice
Not any/no
Some
A lot of
Lots of
Plenty of
Most
All
Not any/no apples
Some apples
A lot of apples
Lots of apples
Plenty of apples
Most apples
All apples
Not any/no rice
Some rice
A lot of rice
Lots of rice
Plenty of rice
Most rice
All rice
Expressions of Quantity

26. ANY Used in negatives Compare NOT vs. No:
I do not have any money  NOT: to make a verb negative.
I have no money  used as an adjective

27. SOME and ANY Examples: There was someone in his room. (+)
There wasn’t anyone in his room. (-)
There was no one in his room. (-)
We have some time to waste. (+)
We don’t have any time to waste. (-)
We have no time to waste. (-)

28. Gerunds and infinitives
How to use
Gerunds and infinitives

29. Gerunds
The –ing form of a verb used as a noun, i.e., as a subject or an object.
Playing tennis is fun.
We enjoy playing tennis.
He’s exited about playing tennis. S V
Gerund phrase S V O
prep O

30. Using IT + to Infinitive
using gerunds as subjects
Example of gerunds to infinitive form:
Crouching  to crouch
Flipping  to flip
Blaming others is an unseemly behavior
It is an unseemly behavior to blame others
The word it refers to and has the same meaning as the infinitive phrase at the end of the sentence

31. changing Gerund into To + infinitive
Riding a horse is always fun.
To ride a horse is always fun.
It is always fun to ride a horse
Gerund
verb
To + infinitive
verb
Added subject
verb
To + infinitive

32. It + gerunds
Sometimes used when the speaker is talking about a particular situation and wants to give the idea of “while”
Tom was drunk. It was dangerous riding with him.
We were in danger while we were riding with him.

33. Exercise Restate the sentences
Teasing animals is cruel.  It is cruel to tease animals.
It wasn’t difficult to find their house.
Finding their house wasn’t difficult.
Hearing the other side of the story would be interesting.
It would be interesting to hear the other side of the story.
If you know how, it is easy to float in water for a long time.
If you know how, floating in water for a long time is easy.

34. End of Lecture 1
Homework time!!!

35. See you soon.
Have a good day!