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English Business 2 Lecture 1
Dea Adlina
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Today’s lecture Subject, Verb, Complement & Modifier.
Verb Phrases & Tenses: Verb Phrases: Two word verbs Tenses: Past, Present, and Future Subject – Verb Agreement Singular Subject Plural Subject Either, Neither Any + … No + … Some + … Every + … Gerunds as Subject Collective Nouns, etc
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Subject, Verb, Complement & Modifier
Review Subject, Verb, Complement & Modifier
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Subject, Verb, Complement & Modifier
Subject: a person or a noun or an adjective that is being discussed, described, or dealt with. Verb: a word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence. Complement: a word, phrase or clause that is necessary to complete the meaning of a given expression Modifier: an optional element in phrase or clause structure used to modify (change the meaning of) another element in the structure, on which it is dependent.
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Examples Trees grow She opened her book
Subject Verb She opened her book Subject Verb Complement Henry and Marcia have visited the president Subject Verb Phrase Complement George is cooking dinner tonight Subject Verb Phrase Complement Modifier of Time She opened a checking account at the bank last week Subject Verb Complement Modifier of Place Modifier of Time
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Subject Noun (phrase) or pronoun
The tiny cat jumped outside our house. A gerund (phrase) Her excessive bragging was annoying. A to-infinitive (phrase) To sing is easier than to act. A full that-clause That he had won the war was known to everyone. A free relative clause Wherever he went was always a disaster. A direct quotation I love you is often heard these days. Zero (but implied) subject Open the door! An expletive it It is raining. A cataphor it It was known by everyone that he had won the war.
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Review Verb Phrases Two word verbs
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Two word verbs Phrasal verbs
A verb and a preposition wivh together have a special meaning. It is especially common in informal English Separable phrasal verbs I handed in my paper yesterday. I handed it in yesterday. Nonseparable phrasal verbs I ran into an old friend yesterday.
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Two word verbs Phrasal verbs
Meaning Put off Drop by Look up Turn down Take over Hang up Postpone Visit informally Look for information Decrease volume or intensity OR Reject OR Refuse Take control Conclude a telephone conversation and many more
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Review Tenses Past, Present, Future
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Present
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Present Subject + Auxiliary Verb + V-ing Subject + V1
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Present Subject + have been Subject + have + V3 + V-ing
(Past Participle Form)
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Past
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Past Subject + was/were + V-ing Subject + V2
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Past Subject + had been Subject + had + V3 + V-ing
(Past Participle Form)
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Future
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Future Subject + will / be going to + V1
Subject + will / (aux) going to + be + V-ing
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Future Subject + will have been + V-ing Subject + will have + V3
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Will or be going to? Prediction Prior plan Willingness
According to the weather report, it will be / is going to be cloudy tomorrow. Be careful! You’ll hurt yourself! Watch out! You’re going to hurt yourself! Prior plan Willingness A: The phone’s ringing. B: I’ll get it A: I don’t understand this problem. B: Ask your teacher about it. She’ll help you. A: Why did you buy this paint? B: I’m going to paint my bedroom tomorrow. I talked to Bob yesterday. He is tired of taking the bus to work. He’s going to buy a car. That’s what he told me.
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Using Some, Any, Much, Many, A lot of, every, and A few
Expressions of Quantity Using Some, Any, Much, Many, A lot of, every, and A few
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COUNT or NONCOUNT ?? Common NONCOUNT nouns
Whole groups made up of similar items: baggage, money/cash/change, jewelry, food, fruit Fluids: Water, coffee, tea, oil Solids: Ice, meat, gold, iron, paper Gases: Steam, air, oxygen, smoke, pollution Particles: Rice, corn, dust, hair, salt
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COUNT or NONCOUNT ?? Common NONCOUNT nouns
Abstractions: Beauty, confidence, time, work, grammar, peace, help, honesty Languages: Arabic, English, Japanese Field of study: Chemistry, literature, engineering Recreation: Baseball, tennis, chess, poker General activity: Driving, studying, walking (and other gerunds) Natural phenomena: Weather, heat, humidity, lightning, rain
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Exercise COUNT or NONCOUNT ??
Advice U Change C City C Garbage U Hardware U Homework U/C Information U Junk U Luggage U C Advice Change City Garbage Information Stuff Thunder Luggage Travelling Trip
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Expressions of Quantity
Used with count nouns Used with noncount nouns One Each Every One apple Each apple Every apple Ø Two Both A couple of Three, etc. A few Several Many A number of Two apples Both apples A couple of apples Three apples A few apples Several apples Many apples A number of apples A little Much A great deal of A little rice Much rice A great deal of rice Not any/no Some A lot of Lots of Plenty of Most All Not any/no apples Some apples A lot of apples Lots of apples Plenty of apples Most apples All apples Not any/no rice Some rice A lot of rice Lots of rice Plenty of rice Most rice All rice Expressions of Quantity
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ANY Used in negatives Compare NOT vs. No:
I do not have any money NOT: to make a verb negative. I have no money used as an adjective
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SOME and ANY Examples: There was someone in his room. (+)
There wasn’t anyone in his room. (-) There was no one in his room. (-) We have some time to waste. (+) We don’t have any time to waste. (-) We have no time to waste. (-)
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Gerunds and infinitives
How to use Gerunds and infinitives
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Gerunds The –ing form of a verb used as a noun, i.e., as a subject or an object. Playing tennis is fun. We enjoy playing tennis. He’s exited about playing tennis. S V Gerund phrase S V O prep O
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Using IT + to Infinitive
using gerunds as subjects Example of gerunds to infinitive form: Crouching to crouch Flipping to flip Blaming others is an unseemly behavior It is an unseemly behavior to blame others The word it refers to and has the same meaning as the infinitive phrase at the end of the sentence
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changing Gerund into To + infinitive
Riding a horse is always fun. To ride a horse is always fun. It is always fun to ride a horse Gerund verb To + infinitive verb Added subject verb To + infinitive
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It + gerunds Sometimes used when the speaker is talking about a particular situation and wants to give the idea of “while” Tom was drunk. It was dangerous riding with him. We were in danger while we were riding with him.
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Exercise Restate the sentences
Teasing animals is cruel. It is cruel to tease animals. It wasn’t difficult to find their house. Finding their house wasn’t difficult. Hearing the other side of the story would be interesting. It would be interesting to hear the other side of the story. If you know how, it is easy to float in water for a long time. If you know how, floating in water for a long time is easy.
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End of Lecture 1 Homework time!!!
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See you soon. Have a good day!
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