1. Chapter 6

2. MORPHOLOGY
Study of the smallest elements of a word that make sense (in terms of meaning). Every single unit conveys meaning of its own (by qualifying other unit in various ways, or by standing on its own)
Landholder Smallest Fixed Ships
Land+hold+er small+est Fix+ed Ship+s
In A The One Science Nose She

3. Let’s analyze one word “ The police reopened the investigation”
Reopened has 3 Morphemes or units of either meaning or grammatical function
open = unit of meaning
re = unit of meaning (= again)
-ed = unit of grammatical
function (past tense)

4. And another… Tourists Also 3 Morphemes Tour = unit of meaning
-ist = the ‘doer’ of the action
-s = unit of grammatical function = indicates plural

5. Morphemes Free Morphemes Bound Morphemes Affixes Lexical Morphemes
Functional Morphemes
Derivational Morphemes
Inflectional Morphemes
Nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Articles/
Determiners
Prepositions
Pronouns
Conjunctions
Tense marker
Quantity Marker
Degree Marker
Possession Marker
Meaning Changer
Grammatical Function Changer

6. Free and Bound Morphemes
Free morphemes : can stand by themselves as single words Nouns, Adjectives, Verbs, Pronouns, Article (Determiners), as open and tour
Bound morphemes: cannot stand alone and are attached to another form, as –re, -ist, -ed,
All affixes are Bound Morphemes
Affixes can be prefixes and suffixes

7. Stems un -dress -ed Prefix(before) Stem Suffix (BOUND) (FREE) (BOUND)
The stem is technically known as the basic form to which the others are attached
Let’s take a closer look at one example:
u n d r e s s e d
un dress ed
Prefix(before) Stem Suffix
(BOUND) (FREE) (BOUND)
in this case

8. carelessness Another example care -less -ness Stem Suffix Suffix
(FREE) (BOUND) (BOUND)

9. Practice!
farmer, slowly, artist, friendly, tenderness, meaning, inspected

10. More about stems
Please note that being a stem does not mean being necessarily a free morpheme
Take a look at the words receive, reduce and repeat
You can identify re- in these words and classify them as bound morphemes, right?
However, that does not mean and we cannot say that
–ceive, -duce and –peat are free morphemes
They have no meaning by themselves
In this case, they can be sometimes called bound stems, a kind of hybrid between free and bound morphemes

11. Lexical Morphemes Free morphemes fall into 2 categories
Lexical Morphemes are words that carry ‘content’ of the messages they convey, like nouns, adjectives and verbs
girl, man, house, tiger, table, sky, log (nouns)
yellow, beautiful, sad, long, sincere (adjectives)
pen, close, follow, stay, break, adjust (verbs)
They are treated as an ‘open’ class of words, since we can add new words like them to the language

12. Functional Morphemes
Functional Morphemes consist of the words in the language like conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns
the, a, an, (articles)
at, in, on, above (prepositions)
he, she, her, we, that, these (pronouns)
and, nor, or, but, so (conjunctions)
Since we do not add affixes to the functional morphemes, they are called ‘closed’ class of words

13. Derivational Morphemes
The bound morphemes we use to make new words or to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem. For example: Good (adjective) Goodness (Noun) Beg (Verb) Begin (Verb) Miss (Verb) Missile (Noun) Re-,Un-,Dis-,Pre-,Pro-,ex-,miss-,-able,-ish,-ful,-less,-ly etc.

14. Let’s take a closer look at some examples
picture (Noun) esque = picturesque (ADJ)
sing (Verb) er = singer (N)
quiet (Adjective) + ly = quietly (ADV)
vaccine (Noun) ate = vaccinate (V)
tall (Adjective) + ness = tallness (N)
migrate (Verb) ory = migratory (ADJ).

15. Exceptions, as usual…
Not all derivational morphemes trigger a change in grammatical class. Many prefixes are like this. Take a look at these examples:
friend (Noun) + ship = friendship (Noun)
un + do (Verb) = undo (Verb)
pink (Adjective) + ish = pinkish (Adjective)
Cited from:

16. Inflectional Morphemes
These morphemes don’t form new words but they indicate aspects of the grammatical function of the words: singular vs plural, present vs past, comparative vs superlative etc.
English has 8 inflectional morphemes or ‘inflections’: –’s, -s (2), -ing, -ed, -en, -est, -er

17. The 8 Inflectional Morphemes
Try to find the 8 types of Inflectional Morphemes in the sentences below:
Jim’s two sisters are really different.
One likes to have fun and is always laughing.
The other liked to read as a child and has always taken things seriously.
One is the loudest person in the house and the other is quieter than a mouse.

18. And they are… Jim’s = -’s = Possessive Sisters = -s = Plural
Likes = s = 3rd person singular marker
Laughing = -ing = Present participle
Liked = ed = Past tense
Taken en = Past Participle
Loudest = est = Superlative
Quieter = er = Comparative
In English, all Inflectional morphemes are Suffixes

19. INFLECTIONAL DERIVATIONAL
What is the most important difference between
Derivational and Inflectional morphemes?
Inflectional morphemes do not change the grammatical category of a word. (Old and Older are both adjectives)
Derivational morphemes can CHANGE the grammatical category of a word. (Teach is a verb, Teacher is a noun)

20. The multitasker -er The Suffix – er, is both:
Inflectional Morpheme as part of an adjective as in Quieter and also
Derivational Morpheme as part of a noun as in Farmer
[They look the same but they DON’T do the same kind of work]
Which one changed the words above?
To farm: verb Farmer: noun

21. Morphs and Allomorphs
The form cars is made of 2 morphs: car + -s to indicate plural (one lexical morpheme car plus one inflectional morpheme -s)
buses, also 2 morphs: one lexical bus and the inflectional morpheme will be -es, instead of –s, but it still indicates plural, right? “ bus + -es”

22. The Zero-Morph
What is the plural form of “fish”?

23. The zero morph
In this case, -s and –es are two morphs used to realize the inflectional morpheme plural
They are called allomorphs of the same morpheme or a group of different morphs, all versions of the same morpheme
‘Allo-’ means “one of a closely related set”
What about sheep, that can also indicate the plural of ….sheep?
In this case we have the so called zero-morph as another allomorph of the morpheme ‘plural’ since there is no change in form to indicate more than one, yet you know that sheep can be both singular and plural
“ sheep + Ø”

24. Man and Men
With man an men, there is no addition of another particle but simply a change in form
This is an irregular plural form since there is a vowel change from [ æ ] to [ ɛ ]
This process represents the morph that changes the noun man from singular to plural men
“man + plural”

25. Past Tense Formation
The same process can be said of the past tense formation in the English language
The allomorphs for the morpheme ‘past tense’ include –ed as in walk + ‘past tense’ = walked
And also the special pattern irregular as in
go + ‘past tense’ = went

26. Morphological analysis
The lucky boys ran quickly
Functional Lexical Lexical Lexical Lexical
Derivational Inflectional Inflectional Derivational
My sister’s friend asked the doctor about her annoying cough

27. Can you Establish Some rules for The following set of Aztec Tranformation?
Aztec English Aztec English
Nokali My house Nokalimes My houses
Mokali Your house ?? ??
Ikali His house ?? ??
Nopelo My dog Nopelomes My dogs
Mopelo Your dog Mopelomes Your dogs
?? His Dog ?? His dogs
Nokwahmili My cornfield Nokwahimilimes My cornfields
?? Your Cornfield ?? Your cornfields
My= His= Your= House=
Dog= Cornfield=

28. Kanuri, Nigeria Adjective Noun excellent karite nəmkarite ‘excellence’
big kura nəmkura ‘bigness’
small gana nəmgana ‘smallness’
bad dibi nəmdibi ‘badness’
Can you establish the rule for these words?