1. 6.6 – Hormones, homeostasis and reproduction

2. Essential Idea: Hormones are used when signals need to be widely distributed.
6.6
Hormones, Homeostasis and Reproduction
Understandings:
Insulin and glucagon are secreted by Beta and alpha cells of the pancreas respectively to control blood glucose concentrations
Thyroxin is secreted by the thyroid gland to regulate the metabolic rate and help control body temperature
Leptin is secreted by cells in adipose tissues and acts on the hypothalamus of the brain to inhibit appetite
Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland to control circadian rhythms
A gene on the Y chromosome causes embryonic gonads to develop as testes and secrete testosterone
Testosterone causes pre-natal development of male genitalia and both sperm production and development of male secondary sexual characteristics during puberty
Estrogen and progesterone cause pre-natal development of female reproductive organs and female secondary sexual characteristics during puberty
The menstrual cycle is controlled by negative and positive feedback mechanisms involving ovarian and pituitary hormones
Applications:
Causes and treatments of Type I and II diabetes
Testing of leptin on patients with clinical obesity and reasons for the failure to control the disease
Causes of jet lag and use of melatonin to alleviate it
The use in IVF of drugs to suspend the normal secretion of hormones, followed by the use of artificial doses of hormones to induce superovulation and establish a pregnancy
William Harvey’s investigation of sexual reproduction in deer
Skill:
Annotate diagrams of the male and female reproductive system to show names of structures and their functions.

3. Homeostasis
Keeping the body within certain physiological limits (range of tolerance)
pH, CO2 and glucose concentrations of blood, water balance, and body temperature
Much energy in your body is used to maintain homeostasis

4. 3. Negative feedback mechanisms – work like a thermostat a
3. Negative feedback mechanisms – work like a thermostat a. If certain limit is reached, triggers a response to bring body back within normal range

5. Nervous and endocrine systems work together to maintain
a. Autonomic nervous system triggers glands to release hormones which travel through blood to target cells

6. Endocrine System
A. Hormones are secreted from endocrine glands
1. Ductless – released into bloodstream
B. Long-distance communication in the body - Hormones are transported by the bloodstream, but only act on specific targets cells (have receptors for that hormone)

7. Target cells - have receptors for particular hormone(s)
1. Can be on one tissue, multiple tissues, most tissues, or other endocrine glands (tropic hormones)

8. III. Thyroxin – amino acid and iodine 1
III. Thyroxin – amino acid and iodine 1. Secreted by the thyroid – butterfly shaped gland in neck 2. 2 forms – T3 and T4 (# of iodines) 3. Target cells – almost all cells in the body 4. Acts as a transcription regulator (stimulates) 5. Increases metabolism in cell -> requires more energy -> requires more O2 6. Also helps regulate body temp (increased activity increases temp)

10. IV. Leptin A. Produced by adipose (fat) tissue B
IV. Leptin A. Produced by adipose (fat) tissue B. More fat -> more leptin produced C. Target cells = hypothalamus D. Function is to decrease appetite (since there is enough supply in reserves) E. Obesity – desensitized to leptin, tend to have higher levels, but does not suppress appetite

11. F. The discovery that obesity in mice could be caused by a lack of leptin and cured by leptin injections soon led to attempts to treat obesity in humans this way.
73 obese volunteers: different leptin doses or placebo.
Injections caused skin irritation and swelling
Only 47 completed trial
Avg of 7.1 kg lost, but weight was quickly gained back after trial.
Leptin injections affect the development and functioning of reproductive system.

12. V. Melatonin A. Produced by pineal gland in brain B
V. Melatonin A. Produced by pineal gland in brain B. Regulates circadian rhythms C. Produced mostly at night D. Production disrupted by exposure to light at irregular times

13. Jet Lag
Disturbance of circadian rhythms brought on by travelling 3+ time zones
Causes fatigue, irritability, depression, indigestion
Can take melatonin to counteract at time sleep should begin

14. VI. Diabetes A. Insulin – produced by beta cells in pancreas – decreases blood sugar 1. Opens protein channels on cell membranes so that glucose goes into the cells (and out of the blood) 2. Stimulates hepatocytes (liver cells) to convert glucose to glycogen B. Glucagon produced by alpha cells in pancreas – increases blood sugar 1. Stimulates liver to break down glycogen into glucose

17. Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar – aka Diabetes)
Type I – beta cells are destroyed so patient doesn’t produce insulin
a. Genetic, auto-immune, unknown
b. Controlled with insulin injections
Type II – body cell receptors don’t respond to insulin (insulin-resistance)
a. Genetic, over-consumption of sugar, obesity
b. Treated with diet and various medications

18. Effects
1. Blindness
2. Kidney failure
3. Nerve damage
4. High risk of cardiovascular disease
5. Poor wound healing