1. Paul A. Gurbel, and Udaya S. Tantry JCHF 2014;2:1-14
Mechanisms of Venous Thrombosis in Heart Failure Venous thrombosis is dependent on vulnerable blood and vessel wall and blood flow abnormalities. Endothelial dysfunction results from hypoxia/distension/neurohormonal activation, setting up a cascade of downstream prothrombotic events. CO = cardiac output; IL = interleukin; RBC = red blood cell; TNF = tumor necrosis factor; tPA = tissue plasminogen activator; other abbreviations as in Figures 1 and 2.
Paul A. Gurbel, and Udaya S. Tantry JCHF 2014;2:1-14
American College of Cardiology Foundation