1. Applied and Industrial Microbiology28
Applied and Industrial Microbiology

2. Industrial Microbiology - History
Lactic acid and ethanol from large-scale food fermentations
Armament-related chemicals such as glycerol and acetone during World Wars I & II
Antibiotics following World War II
Renewable feedstocks now
Traditional & new biotechnology: recombinant DNA technology

3. Fermentation Technology
Industrial fermentation vs. Physiological fermentation
Anaerobic → Aerobic
Microbial, plant, and animal cells

4. Bioreactors Type: many different designs, most widely used CSTR
Size: small to large e.g. 500,000 liters
Operation: batch or continuous

5. Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor
Figure 28.10

6. Microbial Metabolites
Primary metabolites: growth associated
Secondary metabolites

7. Primary Fermentation
Figure 28.11a

8. Secondary Fermentation
Figure 28.11b

9. Strain Improvement Traditional methods: UV, X rays, chemical mutagen
Modern technology

10. Immobilization Technology
Immobilized enzymes vs. traditional chemical process
Immobilized cells: continuous flow processes
Materials used fro immobilization

11. Immobilized Cells
Figure 28.12

12. Industrial Products Amino acids Citric acid Enzymes Vitamins
Antibiotics
Steroids
Etc.
UN 28.1

13. Amino Acids
L-glutamate (glutamic acid) → MSG (monosodium glutamate): flavor enhancer
Lysine and methionine: cereal food (feed) supplements
Phenylalanine and aspartic acid (L-aspartate): ingredients in the sugar-free sweetener aspartame

14. Citric Acid Original source: oranges and lemons
Product of mold (Aspergillus niger) metabolism after World War I
Use: giving tartness and flavor to foods, antioxidant and pH adjuster in many foods, emulsifier in dairy products

15. Enzymes Amylase Glucose isomerase Proteases Rennin Etc. Table 28.6
Use: food industry, laundry detergent, clinical use…

16. Vitamins
Vitamin B12
Riboflavin
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

17. Pharmaceuticals Antibiotics: mold or streptomycete
Vaccines: antiviral (chicken eggs or cell culture), antibacterial (growth of bacteria), subunit (recombinant DNA technology) vaccines
Steroids: cortisone, estrogens, progesterone, conversion of sterol to steroids

18. Biological Leaching of Copper Ores
Figure 28.14a

19. Microorganisms as products
Baker’s yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria: Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium
Insect pathogen: Bacillus thuringiensis

20. Alternative Energy Sources Using Microorganisms
Bioconversion
Biomass
Methane or ethyl alcohol
Figure 28.15

21. The Future Of Industrial Microbiology
Foods
Fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals
Renewable energy and chemical sources (shortage of fossil fuel)
Genetic engineering and Metabolic engineering