1. Word of the Day - Sapient
Animal Ecology
Word of the Day - Sapient

2. The Hierarchy of Ecology
Organisms/Species
Biosphere
Populations
Biomes
Communities
Physical Environment
Ecosystem

3. Ecological Niche vs Habitat
Fundamental Niche
Realized Niche
Moisture
Temperature
Fundamental Niche
Realized
Niche

4. Population Ecology Population Characteristics Population vs Deme
Age structure
Sex ratio
Growth rate
Differ among demes
Influenced by Life History Characteristics

5. Life History Characteristics
Age of first reproduction
Number of offspring per litter
Number of litters per lifetime
Other Characteristics
Mode of reproduction
Survivorship

6. Survivorship Curves Type I (humans) Type II (hydra,songbirds) Type III
(oysters)
birth
max. life span
% survival

7.  Intrinsic rate of increase
Population Growth
birth rate (b)
death rate (d)
growth rate (r)
r = b - d
 Intrinsic rate of increase

8. Exponential Growth
Exponential
Growth
Arithmetic
Growth

9. Exponential Growth

10. Carrying Capacity
time #
r = 0.14
r = 0.12
r = 0.10 K

11. Carrying Capacity
time #
r1 = 0.14
r2 = 0.12
r3 = 0.10 K3 K1 K2

12. Logistic Growth
r = 0.10 K3
time #
r = 0.14 K1
r = 0.12 K2

13. Extrinsic Limits to Growth
Density Dependent Factors
1. Competition
Intraspecific
Interspecific
Predation
Parasitism
4. Disease

14. Extrinsic Limits to Growth
Density Independent Factors
Abiotic factors
Unpredictable, catastrophic events

15. Community Ecology
Community = association of different populations of organisms
Species Diversity = the number of species that share a habitat
Resource = anything in the ecosystem that a particular species requires

16. Species Interactions Symbiosis Mutualism Obligate mutualism
Facultative mutualism

17. Species Interactions
Symbiosis
Commensalism

18. Species Interactions
Symbiosis
Parasitism
Ectoparasites
Endoparasites

19. Species Interactions
Symbiosis
Predation & Herbivory

20. Species Interactions Competition Intraspecific Competition
Interspecific Competition
 LIMITING RESOURCES 
Asymmetric Competition

21. Species Interactions Temperature Low High Moisture Species 1 Species 2
Overlap

22. Resource Partitioning

23. Resource Partitioning
Character Displacement

24. Defense against herbivores
Predation
Defense against herbivores
Chemical Defenses

25. Defense against herbivores
Predation
Defense against herbivores
Physical Defenses

26. Defense against carnivores
Predation
Defense against carnivores
Warning Coloration
Aposematic Coloration

27. Defense against carnivores
Predation
Defense against carnivores
Camouflage

28. Defense against carnivores
Predation
Defense against carnivores
Startle

29. Defense against carnivores
Predation
Defense against carnivores
Mimicry
Batesian Mimicry
Müllerian Mimicry

30. Indirect Interactions
Keystone Species

31. Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Imported organic matter
exported organic matter
Herbivores
Carnivores Detritivores
Autotrophs
(producers)
Heterotrophs
(consumers)
Net primary productivity
Nutrient cycle
From global cycles
To global cycles
respiration
heat
Energy
source

32. Energy Flow in Ecosystems

33. Trophic Pyramids