1. The Nervous System

4. The Central Nervous System
The Central Nervous System processes all of the body’s information and includes the brain and the spinal cord

5. The Peripheral Nervous System
The Peripheral Nervous System includes all of the other nerves in the body
The Peripheral Nervous System is divided into two categories:
The Somatic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System

6. The Somatic Nervous System
The Somatic Nervous System connects the brain to the muscles of the body. It controls all of our voluntary muscle movements. It is connected to the motor cortex in the brain.

7. The Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System controls the automatic functions of the body and connects the brain to the heart, lungs, internal organs, glands, etc.

8. The Autonomic Nervous System
This system is also responsible for actions associated with stress and perceived threats. The autonomic system is further broken down into two systems:
Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Fight or Flight in the Animal Kingdom

9. The Sympathetic Nervous System
The Sympathetic Nervous System mobilizes the body to respond to stress. It is our alert (fight) system.
Accelerates the heart, blood pressure, respiration)
Conserves energy for fight by slowing down digestion, etc.

10. The Parasympathetic Nervous System
The Parasympathetic Nervous System returns the body to a normal state after a stressful encounter.

12. Growing New Brain Cells?
THE BRAIN
Growing New Brain Cells?

14. How Do We Study The Brain?
Brain Scans

15. Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Electrodes are placed on the scalp that amplify recordings of the waves of electrical activity across the brain’s surface

18. Computed Tomography (CT or CAT Scan)
A series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of the brain

21. Language Development and PET Scans
Position Emission Tomography (PET Scan)
A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
Language Development and PET Scans

25. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that allow us to see structures within the brain

28. Accidents
Case study analysis of victims of suffer from a brain injury, resulting in variations in normal behavior
IE. Phineas Gage
Phineas Gage
Phineas Gage II

29. Lesions
Lesioning is the removal or destruction of part of the brain.
IE. Lobotomy

30. THE BRAIN AND ITS FUNCTIONS

31. I. The Forebrain
There are five main regions of the forebrain to study:
The Cerebral Cortex
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Hippocampus

32. The CEREBRAL CORTEX is the intricate, wrinkled covering of the brain (FISSURES)
In addition to interneurons, it contains GLIAL CELLS, which guide neural connections, provide nutrients to myelin, and mop up neurotransmitters

35. The Cerebral Cortex is split into two halves, or Hemisphers:
Right Hemisphere
Left Hemisphere

36. The two hemispheres of the brain are connected by the CORPUS CALLOSUM

37. Hemispheres of the Brain

38. Hemispheres of the Brain Born With Only Half of a Brain

42. Each hemisphere of the brain has different functions
Each hemisphere of the brain has different functions. This is called hemispheric specialization.

43. The Brain’s Left Hemisphere
Language
Math
Logic
Analytic Thought
Scientific Thought
Reasoning

44. The Brain’s Right Hemisphere
Spatial abilities
Face recognition
Visual imagery
Music
Creativity
Emotional Instincts

47. The Cerebral Cortex is split into four LOBES, with half of each one on the left, and half of each one on the right:
The FRONTAL LOBE
The PARIETAL LOBE
The OCCIPITAL LOBE
The TEMPORAL LOBE

51. Pre-Frontal Lobe Development of Children
The Frontal Lobes are the portions of the cortex lying just behind the forehead
Mostly involved in abstract thought, speaking, muscle movements, making plans, and judgments
The Frontal Lobes
Where is Morality?
Pre-Frontal Lobe Development of Children

52. In the left frontal lobe specifically, there is an association area called Broca’s Area

53. Broca’s Area controls language expression and the muscle’s involved with producing speech

54. Sensory Motor Integration
Along the top of both frontal lobes runs the motor cortex
Sensory Motor Integration

55. The motor cortex sends messages back to the muscles of the body in order to control voluntary movements.

58. The Parietal Lobes are the portion of the cortex lying at the top of the head, and includes the sensory (or somato-sensory) cortex

59. The sensory cortex registers and processes touch sensations, temperature, pressure.

60. The parietal lobes play important roles in integrating sensory touch information, and in the handling and manipulation of objects.

62. The Temporal Lobes are the portions of the cerebral cortex roughly located above the ears
The functions of the temporal lobes are generally specific to audio processing, and may extend to comprehension, naming, verbal memory and other language functions.

63. In the left temporal lobe specifically, there is an association area called Wernicke’s Area

64. Wernicke’s Area interprets both written and spoken language.

65. Aphasia is a disorder of either Broca’s or Wernicke’s areas.
You may be able to comprehend, but cannot intelligibly communicate, or vice-versa.

66. Broca and Wernicke's Areas

68. The Occipital Lobes are located at the back of the head.
The occipital lobe is responsible for processing visual information.

69. Collectively, the thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and the amygdala are known as the Limbic System as well

70. The THALAMUS receives sensory input from all of the senses except smell, and routes it to the proper area of the brain for processing

73. The HYPOTHALAMUS is responsible for several maintenance activities, including eating, drinking, body temperature, and sexual arousal

74. The HYPOTHALAMUS also relays communication between the brain and the endocrine system, via the pituitary gland, and then monitors the hormones released into the bloodstream

77. The HIPPOCAMPUS is essential to memory processing

80. The AMYGDALA is tied to emotions, especially those of aggression, rage, disgust, and fear

84. II. The Midbrain The Midbrain is located below the forebrain
This area is responsible for sound localization, eye movements, and visual tracking

86. A major area of the Midbrain is the RETICULAR FORMATION
The RETICULAR FORMATION extends from the spine to the thalamus, and is responsible for arousal/wakefulness and attentiveness

89. III. The Hindbrain

91. The hindbrain is the oldest and innermost region of the brain

92. The functions of the hindbrain are mostly done outside of our awareness, and occur without any conscious effort.

93. The functions of the hindbrain control basic biological functions that keep the human body alive.

94. There are three brain areas associated with the Hindbrain:
Medulla
Cerebellum
Pons

95. The point at which the spinal cord enters the skull is called the MEDULLA
The MEDULLA controls heartbeat and breathing, blood pressure, and attention

98. Extending from the rear of the brainstem is the CEREBELLUM
The CEREBELLUM coordinates voluntary movements, posture and balance

101. The PONS is responsible for helping to regulate breathing, to help with sleep and wake cycles, coordinating left and right body movements, and controls facial expressions