1. Lecture #1: The History and Evolution of Psychology 

2. Questions to Consider What is the History of Psychology?
How has Psychology evolved?
What were the early “schools” of thought in Psychology?

4. The History and Growth of Early Psychology
Ancient Greek Thought.
Structuralism.
Functionalism.
Behaviorism.
Psychodynamic / Psychoanalytic Theory.
Humanism (a.k.a. Existentialist or Phenomenological Theory).
Ancient Greek-Relatively new science but can be traced back to Socrates, Plato, Aristotle in ancient Greece-philosophers have debated such psychological topics as where human knowledge comes from the nature of mind and soul, the relationship between mind to the body, and even the possibility of scientifically studying these matters. Psych has its roots in philosophy especially in philosophical view called empiricism ’s empiricists such as John Lock, George Berkeley, and David Hume challenged the claim that some of what we know is present at birth. They said our mind is a black slate “tabular rasa”. Knowledge comes through our experience. They have guided psychologists in seeking knowledge about behavior and mental processes not through speculation but through observations governed by the rules of science.

5.  Ancient Greek Thought Ancient Greek thought (B.C.E.)
1) Aristotlean psychology (basis for Behaviorism and Learning Perspective) a) hedonism -- def’n.
2) Democritan psychology (basis for today’s Biological Perspective)
3) Socratic psychology (basis for today’s Cognitive, Psychodynamic, and Humanistic Perspectives)
a) method of introspection -- def’n.

6.  Structuralism (1879 to 1890) Definition:
Psychology = study of the elements of conscious experience:
sensations + perceptions + feelings
Wilhelm Wundt:
“Father” of structuralism.
founded first modern Psych. lab. in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany.
criticisms of Structuralism:
reductionistic, mentalistic, non-empirical. 

7.  Functionalism (1870’s to 1900) Definition: Psychology:
“stream of consciousness” + behavior = purposeful adaptation to environ.
William James -- “Father” of…
“Psychological survival of the fittest”: Darwinian
Pre-cursor to today’s:
Behavior Genetics field
nature/nurture controversy
Evolutionary -psychological traits may be transmitted from generation to generation via genes.

8. Behaviorism (1910’s to 1960’s) Definition:
the scientific study of observable behavior
and
how behavior is “learned” or “conditioned”.
Conditioning = learning for the Behaviorist.
No mental processes in learning of behavior b/c:
mental processes are non-empirical.
behaviors ARE empirical, observable.

9. Behaviorism (cont’d.) Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner:
“Fathers” of Behaviorism.
Focus of Behaviorism:
Stimulus  response relationships: S  R
Cognitive behaviorism (Albert Bandura):
S  “mind”  R = social-learning theory

10. Traditional Psychodynamic (a. k. a
Traditional Psychodynamic (a.k.a. Psychoanalytic) Theory (1920’s to 1960’s)
Definition:
study of unconscious mental processes affecting personality and behavior.
Sigmund Freud:
“Father” of…
Focus of early (i.e., traditional) Psychodynamic Theory:
PsychoSEXUAL personality development in childhood:
“Biology (i.e., sexual anatomy) is destiny”.
Understanding & resolution of unresolved, unconscious childhood, psychosexual issues:
ultimate goal of psychotherapy. 

11. Traditional Psychodynamic Theory (cont’d.)
Understanding unresolved childhood, psychosexual issues via:
Psychoanalysis of:
id (unconscious pleasure)
ego (conscious reality, defense mech.)
superego (conscience, moral guardian)
Psychoanalysis occurs via:
the “talking cure” and dream analysis.
Today, called psychotherapy (> eclectic).

12.  Humanism (1950’s to 1970’s) Definitions and assumptions:
The basis of all human behavior is:
Self, self-awareness, conscious choice, responsibility for choice, self-actualization, self-esteem, and locus of control (internal vs. external locus).
Roots: structuralism, functionalism, psychodynamic theory, Socratic introspection, and cognitive .
Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers: “Fathers” of...

13. Modern Psychodynamic Theory
Modern psychodynamic perspective:
“Socio-cultural upbringing (i.e., relationships w/ family, friends, peers) is destiny”.
a.k.a. neo-Freudian .
emphasis is on psychoSOCIAL personality development;
not psychoSEXUAL.