1. Modern Slavery & Exploitation

2. What we will explore: Definition The law Examples Data
MODERN SLAVERY
Definition
The law
Examples
CRIMINAL EXPLOITATION
Data
Multi-agency approaches
Vulnerability/risk factors
Example
CUCKOOING
Definition
Worthing & Adur landscape
Indications
Professional considerations
ADUR & WORTHING APPROACH

3. Modern Slavery
DEFINITION: the recruitment, movement, harbouring or receiving of children, women or men through the use of force, coercion, abuse of vulnerability, deception or other means for the purpose of exploitation.
Those being exploited can be moved into, out of, or within the UK.
It is possible for someone to be a victim, even if they have consented to being moved.
Children cannot give consent - therefore the element of coercion or deception does not need to be present for an offence to have been committed.
Commonly, people are trafficked into forced labour such as agriculture, construction, hospitality, manufacturing, car washes and sexual exploitation.
Could be moving from one town to the other- Worthing to Brighton is trafficking – Test case- Birmingham- do not have to prove co-ercion for trafficking. Increased defence. Lcoal examples- raid on massage parlours & car washes. Are we complicit? What do we see when we are using these services?

4. Modern Slavery Act 2015
The Act is designed to tackle slavery and human trafficking. It outlines the requirements of organisations, along with details of when an offence is committed.
An offence is committed if:
A person knows or ought to know that they are holding someone in slavery.
A person requires another person to perform forced or compulsory labour and they know or ought to know that this is occuring.
A person arranges or facilitates the travel of another person who is being transported for the purpose of exploitation.
Depending on its nature and severity, the maximum penalty for an offence under the
Modern Slavery Act 2015 can be life imprisonment.
Move to using this act for County lines- you become someone who has offended against a child- sched 1 offender – not a drug dealer or gangster

5. Types of modern slavery
Sex work, including trafficking and exploitation
Forced labour
Rural labour
Illegal drug cultivation e.g. cannabis farming
Domestic servitude
Organ harvesting
Child related crimes, including child sexual exploitation
Forced begging
Organised theft
Forced marriage
Illegal adoption
Local examples- Chichester rurual, vietnamese farmers, begging in Shoreham, sham marriages

6. Criminal Exploitation Child Criminal Exploitation
DEFINITION: where criminal gangs take advantage of vulnerable people and force them to engage in various forms of criminal activity
Examples of criminal exploitation include cannabis cultivation, fraud, pick pocketing etc.
Child Criminal Exploitation
DEFINITION: where young people and children under the age of 18 are coerced, forced or encouraged to participate in criminal activity or violence.
An example of CCE would be ‘county lines’ where young people are used to transport
drugs from central hubs like London, to towns like Worthing.
Explain County Lines- use of phones, selling numbers of users, What can you earn? Business model- not new issue

7. What could we mean when we refer to ‘exploitation’?
Sexual exploitation
Drug exploitation
Criminal exploitation
Ideological exploitation
Human trafficking and modern slavery
Exploitation occurs within:
Serious Organised Crime (“SOC”)
County Lines
Gang activity
Funds terrorism & organised crime– middle class users, moral choice, people as a commodity, related to street level gangs- visible side of it.

8. The estimated number of active county lines in the UK.
27,000
The estimated number of children in gangs, as reported by the Children’s Commissioner.
2,000
The estimated number of active county lines in the UK.
Gang affected not affiliated, 65 Cl into Worthing, they have names, level of violence suggests that supply is not outsripping demand. If we see that go up- our county lines issue will turn to serious violence.

9. West Sussex Data 162 identified in 2018. Boys and girls from 11+
SEXUAL EXPLOITATION
162 identified in 2018.
Boys and girls from 11+
Links to London via rail networks.
Models used to exploit young people: boyfriend, party and peer on peer.
CRIMINAL EXPLOITATION
52 identified in 2018.
Mostly boys.
Girls asked to conceal drugs.
Links with SOC and County Lines.
Perpetrators are also victims.
13,000 children and adults are estimated to be trafficked into the UK every year.
Between 2001 and 2017, 52% of all terrorism related arrests were of people under
the age of were under the age of 18 at the time of their arrest.

10. Agencies working with exploited young people
When a young person is known or suspected to be exploited in any way it is important that all agencies involved:
See the young person as a victim; they cannot be responsible for their actions.
Escalate and raise concerns appropriately. Internal procedures should be followed.
Work together. Multi-agency work is instrumental in safeguarding a young person at risk. That means information needs to be shared regularly.
Encourage the wider community to recognise and report any concerns they may have. A local community may notice that a young person is at risk of exploitation before professionals are able to.
ALWAYS make a MASH referral if you know or suspect that a young person is being
exploited. Reporting information is at the end of the slideshow.

11. Agencies who could be involved in one case of exploitation
Social Care
Police
YOUNG PERSON
Schools
YOS
Licensing
Sexual Health
Housing
Transport
CAMHS

12. Vulnerability & Risk Factors
CHAOTIC FAMILY BACKGROUND
NOT REGULARLY ATTENDING SCHOOL
LIVING IN GANG AFFECTED NEIGHBOURHOOD
ALCOHOL/SUBSTANCE MISUSE
LOOKED AFTER CHILD/YOUNG CARER
MISSING EPISODES
DOMESTIC ABUSE
TRANSIENT LIFESTYLE
CHILDHOOD NEGLECT/ABUSE
SOCIAL ISOLATION
HOMELESS/INSECURE HOUSING

13. Appearance: what might you see?
The young person might:
Suddenly change their taste in dress or music. They might restrict their clothing to a certain colour, brand or style associated with a particular gang or group.
Look tired or unwell, e.g. falling asleep at school.
Have marks or scars on their body which they try to hide.
Have injuries to their hands, neck, legs, buttocks or genitals.
Wear a lot more make-up. They may appear overly made up or use make-up to hide their face.
Be unable to make or hold eye contact.

14. Behaviour: what might you see?
The young person might:
Become especially secretive.
Stop seeing their usual friends and change their peer group.
Develop severe mood swings.
Develop relationships with older men/women.
Start having missing episodes from home, or be reluctant to say where they have been.
Have new, expensive items that they usually wouldn’t be able to afford, e.g. mobile phones, jewellery, trainers, clothes.
Truant from school, or experience a change in performance at school.
Self-harm.

15. Communication: what might you see?
The young person might:
Start using different language to normal.
Refer to themselves using a ‘street’ name or nickname.
Change the way they communicate with you, e.g. withdrawn, aggressive, tearful.
Receive more text messages or calls than usual.
Become possessive and protective of their mobile phone - they must be with it at all times.
Receive phone calls late at night.
Appear scared, worried or upset after receiving a call or text.
Talk about new religions or socio-political issues more than they usually would.

16. Early Intervention Project (“EIP”)
The Early Intervention Project is a multi-agency meeting, run by Adur & Worthing Councils. The agencies involved nominate young people who may be displaying some of the risk and vulnerability factors mentioned on the previous slide.
At the EIP, we discuss:
Any young person who has been arrested or stopped by police in the last two weeks.
Any young person who we consider to be at risk of being exploited.
ASB hotspots where there may be reports of youth issues and/or concerns.
We look to find ways to support the young person. This can include home visits, more integrated work between agencies, and group workshops. The agencies currently involved include police, schools, IPEH, charities, youth groups, GTR, BTP etc. We always welcome new agency involvement.

17. Example: County Lines Exploitation
Teenage boy
At grammar school
Academically successful
Family background - Mum in police, Dad in well respected job, younger sister
Made new friends
Started going out at strange times, became secretive and was hiding things in bedroom
Running county lines
Got into trouble with a rival gang
Ended up being stabbed 18 times

18. Cuckooing
DEFINITION: where criminal gangs target the homes of vulnerable people to be used for drug dealing.
A vulnerable person’s home is often used, against their will, to the advantage of others who are using alcohol or using/dealing drugs in the property.
Often, the drug gangs will offer free drugs to the occupant of the property.
The use and/or threat of physical or sexual violence is used to coerce the victim.
Those who are cuckooed are not always substance users. They could be vulnerable because of their age, gender, disability, health or lack of support network.

19. 6
The number of cuckooing properties in Adur & Worthing that we are aware of any given time.

20. Possible signs of cuckooing
An increase in visitors to the property, especially during the night.
Lots of different vehicles parking outside the property.
A possible increase in anti-social behaviour activity in and around the property.
The occupant may disengage from services and there could be a reluctance to receive professionals at the home address.
Professionals visiting the home may become aware of new and/or different people in the property with no real reason or explanation for them to be there.
The behaviour of the occupant may change significantly; they may become withdrawn, anxious, aggressive, frustrated etc.
The state of the property, both inside and outside, deteriorates. For example, an increase in waste and rubbish.

21. Professional considerations
THE OCCUPANT
Does the individual understand what is happening?
Have they been cuckooed before?
Is the individual in danger and experiencing abuse? Are they vulnerable?
Do they require referral to services due to possible mental and/or physical health related issues?
Are they engaged with drugs and alcohol services?
Is further support needed for them? If so, what?
YOU
Are you safe to be in the environment on your own?
Have you shared your concerns with other relevant agencies and professionals?
Do you know which other agencies may already be involved?

22. Adur & Worthing Approach
ASBRAC
JAG
EIP
Training taxi drivers
Drug litter reporting
Multi-agency work: police, schools, YOS, social work (children and adult), housing associations, charities etc.
Youth interventions
Improving local knowledge: approaching businesses, Airbnb hosts etc.

23. Any questions? Sophie Whitehouse
MASH
(office hours)
(out of office)
Thanks!
Any questions?
Sophie Whitehouse
@sophie_aw