1. Socialization and Development
Chapter 4
Socialization and Development

2. Learning Objectives Describe socialization.
Explain primary socialization.
Discuss how biology and socialization contribute to the formation of the individual.
Describe how people develop a social identity.
Know what sociobiology is.
Explain how extreme social deprivation affects early childhood development.
Explain the views of Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead.
Describe Erik Erikson’s model of lifelong socialization.
Explain how family, schools, peer groups, and the mass media contribute to childhood socialization.
Know how adult socialization differs from primary socialization.
Identify where resocialization takes place.

3. Nature Versus Nurture: A False Debate
Nature – inherited characteristics
Nurture – socialization experiences

4. Socialization – Learned
The process of social interaction that teaches the child the intellectual, physical, and social skills needed to function as a member of society
Begins at birth
Provides connection to culture
Contributes to acquisition of personality

5. Genetics – Inherited
Biological transmissions from mother and father that influence:
Chemical processes
Blood type
Physiological response and perception
Taste, color
Physical traits
Height, weight, hair color, musculature

6. Sociobiology – Synthesis
Behavioral Ecology
Acknowledges biological basis for some human behavior
Recognizes socialization and free will
Links some behavior to survival
Part of natural selection

7. Social Issues Deprivation and development Concept of self
Dimensions of development

8. Deprivation and Development
Extreme Childhood Deprivation
Inhibits:
Social attachments
Meaningful interactions and affectionate bonds with others
Emerges in:
Institutions
Impersonal care
Potential attachment disorder

9. Attachment Disorder
An inability to trust people and form relationships with others
Inhibits socialization, cultural learning, and attachment

10. The self is this changing yet enduring personal identity
The Concept of Self
Social identity based on status
Socially defined positions are acquired through socialization
The self is this changing yet enduring personal identity

11. Dimensions of Human Development
Cognitive
Moral
Gender

12. Cognitive Development
Stages
Sensorimotor Stage
Touch and feel
Cause and effect
Operational Stage
Understanding of relationships
Recognition of consequences of acts and decisions

13. Moral Development
Progression leading to shared view of right and wrong
Orientation toward punishment
Orientation toward reward
Orientation toward possible disapproval
Orientation toward laws and dishonor
Orientation toward peer values and democracy
Orientation toward personal values

14. Gender Identity Biological Grounding Cultural Definition
Male/female difference in size, strength, endurance
Reproductive roles
Cultural Definition
Gender stratification in social performance roles

15. Impediments to Development
Deprivation
Extreme childhood deprivation
Impediment to social attachment
Infants in institutions
Attachment disorder

16. Theories of Development
Charles Horton Cooley (1864–1929)
The looking-glass self
Imagine how our actions appear to others
Imagine how other people judge these actions
Make some sort of self-judgment based on the presumed judgments of others

17. Theories of Development
George Herbert Mead (1863–1931)
The “I” and the “me”
“I” is free, active, and spontaneous
“Me” is grounded in socialization process from family, peers, school, etc.

18. Theories of Development
George Herbert Mead (continued)
Significant others
Those who are most important in our development, such as parents, friends, and teachers
Generalized others
The viewpoints, attitudes, and expectations of society as a whole, or of a community of people whom we are aware of and who are important to us

19. The Psychologists Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) Erik Erikson (1902–1994)
Self is comprised of three parts
Id, Superego, and Ego
Individual remains in constant conflict
Erik Erikson (1902–1994)
Lifelong socialization
Eight stages of development and crisis

20. Early Socialization in American Society
The family
The school
Peer groups
Mass media

21. The Family Primary source for early socialization
Connects to particular version of culture
Subcultural community
Geographic region
Social class
Ethnic group
Religious orientation

22. The School Institutional framework Selected skills and knowledge
Mitigates conflicting values between:
Family
Local community
State, regional, and local requirements

23. Peer Groups Individuals who are social equals
Powerful influence over lifestyle issues
Appearance
Activities
Interaction and dating
Materialism and consumerism

24. Mass Media – television, movies, video games
An inescapable presence
Measurable time involvement
2.5 hours weekdays / 4.3 hours weekends
Cumulative totals exceed personal interaction in other areas
Promotes aggression
Problem resolution via violence

25. Adult Socialization New statuses and roles learned
Greater awareness of impact of socialization
Increased control over processes
Marriage and responsibility
Parenthood
Career development: vocation and identity
Resocialization potential
Total institutions

26. Marriage and Responsibility
Critical examination of traditional role
New definitions of relationships
Reexamination of demands of society

27. Parenthood Reexamination of role expectations Partners of each other
As parent and as a spouse
Secondary opportunity for socialization missed early

28. Career Development: Vocation and Identity
New social context
Specific statuses and roles
Socialization to specific needs of the situation
Resocialization into new social functions
Conflict between career and other social identity

29. Aging and Society
Late-in-life requirement to change in social identity
Potential for:
Loss of self-esteem
Decline in physical and mental health
Restrictions on mobility and independence