1. MATTER

2. Composition of Matter

3. Substance
type of matter with a fixed composition that cannot be separated by physical means
Element
substance made up of atoms with same identity 
Examples: gold, helium, aluminum
Compound
atoms of two or more elements combined
Examples: water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2)

4. Mixture materials made of two or more substances that can separated by physical means
Heterogeneous
mixture in which different materials can be easily distinguished
Examples: Pizza, Fruit salad Granite

5. Homogeneous
mixture in which two or more substances are
Uniformly spread out
Examples: Vinegar, Salt water

6. Types Of Matter

7. Solution
homogeneous mixture of particles so small that they cannot even be seen with a microscope and will never settle to the bottom of their container.
Examples: Vinegar,
Soda (unopened), and
Hydrogen Peroxide.

8. Colloid
type of mixture with particles that are larger than those in solution, but still too light to settle out.
Examples: Milk (Water & Fat)
Fog (Water & Air), Cool Whip 
# Detecting colloids is sometimes
difficult so shining a beam of
light at colloid will make the light
scatter – this scattering of light by
a colloid is called the Tyndall Effect.

9. Suspension
heterogeneous mixture containing a liquid in which visible particles settle.
Examples: Italian dressing,
muddy pond water,
chocolate milk.
* HINT: If it needs shaking to mix, then it’s a suspension

10. Describing Matter

11. Physical Property
characteristic of a material that you can observe without changing the substance
Examples: color, size, shape, density, melting point, boiling point

12. Chemical Property
characteristic of a substance that indicates whether it can undergo a certain chemical change
Examples: flammable, combustible, may react to light

13. Physical Change
a change in size, shape or state of matter; substance DOES NOT change identity when it undergoes physical change
Examples: melting ice,
cutting paper, breaking glass

14. Chemical Change
a change in one substance to another substance
Examples: fireworks explode, rusting metal

15. The Law of Conservation of Mass - says that the mass of ALL substances present before a chemical change equals mass of ALL substances after the change.

16. States of Matter

17. anything that has mass and takes up space. Kinetic theory
Matter
anything that has mass and takes up space.
Kinetic theory
explains how particles in matter behave
All matter is composed of particles
Particles are in constant, random motion
Particles collide with each other and walls of their container
STATES OF MATTER
STATE
CHARACTERISTICS
PARTICLES
SOLID
Definite shape and
Closely packed in
definite volume
geometric arrangement
LIQUID
Indefinite shape and
Have more space and
slide pass each other
GAS
Have energy to spread
indefinite volume
out evenly in container
PLASMA
High temperature
Positively and negatively
gas
charged

18. The state of a sample of matter depends on temperature
related to the average kinetic energy of an object when the temperature increases and contracts when cooled.
# Exception to Rule: Water when cooled it expands

19. CHANGES IN STATES OF MATTER
MELTING: FROM SOLID TO LIQUID
Melting
change from a solid state to a liquid state
Melting point
temperature at which a solid melts

20. FREEZING: FROM LIQUID TO SOLID
change from a liquid state to a solid state
Freezing point
temperature at which a liquid freezes

21. VAPORAZATION: FROM LIQUID TO GAS
Vaporization
change from a liquid state to a gaseous state
Boiling point
temperature at which liquid begins to vaporize
Evaporation
can occur at surface of liquid without heating liquid (i.e. eventually a cup of water will evaporate if left unattended)

22. CONDENSATION: FROM GAS TO LIQUID
change from a gaseous state to a liquid state
Condensation point
temperature at which a gas condenses
ICE
WATER
CLOUD
FREEZING
CONDENSATION

23. FLUIDS – BEHAVIOR OF LIQUIDS AND GASES
anything that flows – gas or liquid
Buoyancy
the ability of a fluid (liquid or gas) to exert an upward force on an object immersed in it – this is called Buoyant Force
Archimedes principle – the buoyant force on an object in a fluid is equal to the weight of fluid it displaced by the object
The boat displaces enough water to equal weight of boat, therefor it floats.

24. Ex. squeezing the end of a tube of toothpaste
Pascal’s principle
pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted unchanged throughout the fluid
Ex. squeezing the end of a tube of toothpaste
Bernouilli’s principle
as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases
Ex. the design of an airplane wing
Boyle’s Law
as the volume of the gas decreases, the pressure of a gas increases, provided the temperature does not change.
Ex. weather balloon
Photo by Sun Ladder/ CC-SA

25. Charles’ Law
as temperature increases, the volume increases, provided pressure remains constant.
Ex. Hot air balloon
Pressure – Temperature Relationship
as temperature increases, the pressure increases, provided the volume does not change.
Ex. popping popcorn