1. Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

2. What is intelligence?
What would a computer need to do to make you think that it is intelligent?
Intelligent conversation, learn, general decision making, natural language, spontaneity, anticipating things, feelings, self awareness,

3. Slide by David Cope

4. Mechanical Turk

5. The Turing Test
Wikipedia

6. AI Fields Expert systems Game playing Computer vision
Game playing
Computer vision
Natural language processing/semantics
Machine learning

7. Expert Systems Demo

8. Expert System
Extensive knowledge in particular domain (medical diagnoser, )
Contains “knowledge base”
Rules to connect knowledge base elements
best.me.berkeley.edu/.../s99/Week2/Image13.gif

9. Expert Systems: MYCIN
MYCIN – identified bacterial infections and recommended antibiotics
Rule:
if condition 1
condition 2 …
then p
inference 1
inference 2
Reasoning proceeds
Sample rules:
(defrule 52
if (site culture is blood)
(gram organism is neg)
(morphology organism is rod)
(burn patient is serious)
then 0.4
(identity organism is pseudomonas)
(defrule 71
if (gram organism is pos)
(morphology organism is coccus)
(growth-conformation organism is clumps)
then 0.7
(identity organism is staphylococcus)

10. Expert System: MYCIN
best.me.berkeley.edu/.../s99/Week2/Image13.gif

11. “Game Playing: Deep Blue”
Chess – the ultimate display of intelligence
Deep Blue
Defeated world chess champion, Kasparov
Developed at IBM
Algorithm Minimax to look at future moves (we will learn more about this next week)

12. Deep Blue in Popular Culture
Deep Blue was seen on the Futurama episode "Anthology of Interest I" voiced by Tress MacNeille.
On the April 14, 2005 episode of The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, Stewart invited a fictional version of Deep Blue to comment on the recent extradition of former chess champion Bobby Fischer. Deep Blue didn't offer any analysis of any kind, and repeatedly suggested they play chess
Referenced in Pure Pwnage. Said to have been beaten by Teh_Masterer, who had used only a row of pawns and a single bishop.

13. Semantic Networks Way to represent knowledge
Nodes represent concepts or actions
Arrows represent their relationship to each other

14. Semantic Network Example

15. AI Types Two AI paradigms Model thought processes
Top down versus bottom up

16. Symbolic AI Atom Expressions
a, b, c
Expressions
(list ‘a ‘b ‘c)
A symbol, then, is an atomic entity, designating some object or concept, which can be
manipulated explicitly by a physical symbol system, leading to intelligent behavior

17. Connectionist AI
Wikimedia

18. AI Timeline
1928: John von Neumann's minimax theorem (later used in game playing programs).
1943: McCulloch and Pitt propose neural-network architectures for intelligence.
1950: Isaac Asimov, "I, Robot"
1950: Shannon proposes chess program
1956: Newell, Shaw, and Simon create "The Logic Theorist", a program that solves math problems.
1956: AI named at Dartmouth computer conference, first meeting of McCarthy, Minsky, Newell, and Simon.
1958: McCarthy introduces "LISP" at MIT
1959: Minsky and McCarthy establish MIT AI lab
1959: Rosenblatt introduces Perceptron.
1959: Samuel's checkers program wins games against best human players.
1969: Minsky & Papert's "Perceptrons" (limits of single-layer neural networks)
1974: Edward Shortliffe's thesis on MYCIN.
1986: Backpropagation gains widespread popularity

19. Suggested Reading What is Intelligence?
Turing Test:

20. The Turing Test
xkcd.com