1. Pre-European Native Societies
Period 1: ( )

2. Thematic Learning Objectives
Focus of AP Exam Questions:
MIG-2.0: Analyze causes of internal migration and patterns of settlement in what would become the U.S., and explain how migration has affected American life.
GEO-1.0: Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of various communities, and analyze how competition over natural resources have affected both interactions among different groups and the development of government policies.

3. Main Idea
Different Native societies adapted to and transformed their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure.

4. The First Americans
Bering Strait – land bridge  10,000 yrs. Before Columbus

5. Civilizations of the South (Central and South America)
Mexico (Aztecs)
Tenochtitlan.
Components of their civilization:
Public buildings (large structures), irrigation systems, roads, extensive trade networks.
How powerful were they?
Who were their slaves?
Religion?
Inca (Peru)
Andes Mountains.
Similar components of Mexico.
Slavery was common and an important institution in Aztecs culture. It was different than the modern concept of slavery. It was not racially based nor was it a permanent condition. There were various ways a individual became a slave:
being captured in war,
2) committing certain crimes, especially theft, and by
3) voluntarily entering into slavery because od debts
4) being sold by one's parents again primarily because of debts.

6. Tenochtitlan

7. Civilizations of the North (Present day U.S.)
Not developed like civilizations of the South.
Adapted to diverse environments.
Civilizations we’ll talk about:
Great Basin, Great Plains.
Northeast, Miss. River Valley, Atlantic seaboard.
Northwest, present day California.
Southwest.

9. Great Basin, Great Plains
Arid region.
Most effective lifestyle?
Resources?
Important Spanish contribution
later on.
Tribes include:
Shoshone, N/S Paiute, Nez Perce.

10. Shoshone Indian Tribe
Nez Perce Indians

11. What’s the difference in the paintings?

12. Northeast, Miss. River Valley, Atlantic seaboard
Forests and woodlands.
Most effective lifestyle?
Benefits of Mississippi River Valley?
Northeast nomadic farming/hunting.
Tribes include:
Iroquois, Algonquians.
Powhatan

14. Northwest, present day California
Most effective lifestyle?
Social hierarchy.
Tribes include:
Chinook.

15. Chinook Indians

16. Southwest Most effective lifestyle?
How did this arid region support this lifestyle?
Tribes include:
Pueblo.

17. Pueblo

18. Tribes to read about: Shoshone. Chinook. Pueblo.
Iroquois, Algonquians.
Chinook.
Pueblo.

20. Misunderstandings/Issues
Gender  Matrilineal
Land  Private Property
Religion  Animism/Polytheistic

21. Revolutionized life in Europe, Africa, & Americas
Columbian Exchange
Revolutionized life in Europe, Africa, & Americas

22. Reasons for Exploration
3 Goals
Gold & Silver
Military Competition
Spread of Christianity

23. Impacts Americans  Europe & Africa Europe  America Europe  Africa
Maize, Potato, Tomato
Impact: Population Explosion
Europe  America
Wheat, Rice, Horses, Chickens, Oxen
Impact: Disease, New Social class (Mestizos) Horse, Encomienda System
Europe  Africa
Slavery

24. Encomienda system
Spanish settlers granted Indian lands and labor. (Land still owned by Spain).
Marshalled Lifestyle for Natives
Plantation-based agriculture on haciendas.
Extract precious metals.
Who were likely to receive encomiendas from the Spanish crown?
What do the natives get out of it???
How were they treated???

25. Encomienda system What can be another name for the encomienda system?
Who gradually replaces Indian slave labor?
How did encomienda end and repartimiento emerge?
Opposition of views.
Juan de Sepulveda (anti-Indian/savages)
Bartolome de las Casas (pro-native)
Emergence of mestizos.
Resistance by the Natives to European encroachment
Maroon Communities

26. African Slave Trade Rising European demand for sugarcane.
Western coast of Africa.
Western African kingdoms.
Atlantic Slave Trade … Make sure you take notes.
Encroachment
Autonomy

27. Caste System (Las Castas)
Diverse population in th century in the Americas.
Penninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mullatos
Africans
What can you tell me about Spanish America society?

28. Crash Course
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29. Key Question
How did the spread of Maize cultivation from present-day Mexico to civilizations in North America support the following….
Economic development?
Settlement?
Advanced irrigation?
Social diversification among societies?