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Mutations: Changes in Genes
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Point Mutations A point mutation is a change in a single base pair in the DNA. Analogy: THE CAT ATE THE RAT -original THE BAT ATE THE RAT -point mutation
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Example of a Point Mutation
Sickle cell anemia is caused by a single point mutation in the gene for hemoglobin (the protein that makes up red blood cells). Sickle cell blood cell compared to normal blood cell
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Not all point mutations result in defective proteins
Not all point mutations result in defective proteins. Example: may not change amino acid sequence.
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Frameshift Mutation Frameshift mutation: Insertion or deletion in a base. Shifts the codon pattern. Analogy: THE CAT ATE THE RAT- original THE ATA TET HER AT - frame shift (C deleted)
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Frame shift: Changes the reading pattern of the 3 nucleotide codon sequence Therefore, changes the entire amino acid sequence after the mutation. Likely to be harmful.
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Mutations can occur as random mutations during replication of DNA
Mutations can occur as random mutations during replication of DNA. Mutagens: Factors that make mutations more likely to occur. - UV Radiation - certain chemicals (carcinogens)
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