1. What is the formulae? Hydrochloric acid Sulfuric acid Sodium hydroxide
Sodium chloride
Sodium sulfate

2. Starter: what is the formulae?
Hydrochloric acid HCl
Sulfuric acid H2SO4
Sodium hydroxide NaOH
Sodium chloride NaCl
Sodium sulfate Na2SO4

3. A level chemistry

6. Practical Endorsement

9. Text books Highly recommended, especially if not a whizz at maths
We lend you this one
One of the many revision guides available.

10. Any questions?

11. Name these compounds

12. Name these compounds Propan-1-ol Propan-2-ol Methane Methanoic Acid
Butyl Propanoate

13. (suffix –one and number in the middle to show location if needed)
Propan-1-ol
Propan-2-ol
These chemicals can be oxidised to...
An Aldehyde
(suffix –al)
A Ketone
(suffix –one and number in the middle to show location if needed)

14. CARBONYL COMPOUNDS - STRUCTURE
Structure carbonyl groups consists of
a carbon-oxygen double bond
the bond is polar due to the
difference in electronegativity
Difference ALDEHYDES - at least one H attached to the carbonyl group
C = O H
C = O H
CH3

15. CARBONYL COMPOUNDS - STRUCTURE
Structure carbonyl groups consists of
a carbon-oxygen double bond
the bond is polar due to the
difference in electronegativity
Difference ALDEHYDES - at least one H attached to the carbonyl group
KETONES - two carbons attached to the carbonyl group
C = O H
C = O H
CH3
C = O
CH3
C = O
C2H5
CH3

16. CARBONYL COMPOUNDS - FORMULAE
Molecular C3H6O
Structural C2H5CHO CH3COCH3
Displayed
Skeletal
C = O H
C2H5
C = O
CH3
H C C C H
H O H
H H
H C C C O
H H H
H H O O

17. CARBONYL COMPOUNDS - NOMENCLATURE
Aldehydes C2H5CHO propanal
Ketones CH3COCH3 propanone
CH3CH2COCH3 butanone
CH3COCH2CH2CH3 pentan-2-one
CH3CH2COCH2CH3 pentan-3-one
C6H5COCH3 phenylethanone

18. Name these Carbonyls

19. Name these Carbonyls
Pentanal
Pentan-2-one
Butanone
Pentan-3-one

20. CARBONYL COMPOUNDS - FORMATION
ALDEHYDES
Oxidation of
primary (1°) alcohols RCH2OH [O] ——> RCHO H2O
beware of further oxidation RCHO [O] ——> RCOOH
Reduction of
carboxylic acids RCOOH [H] ——> RCHO + H2O
KETONES
secondary (2°) alcohols RCHOHR [O] ——> RCOR H2O

21. Practical Skills Prepare your workstation for safe working.
Prepare some Tollens Reagent by placing 1cm3 of Silver Nitrate solution into a test tube. Add one drop of Sodium Hydroxide Solution to the Silver Nitrate solution.
Dissolve the precipitate formed by adding Ammonia solution drop-wise until the precipitate JUST dissolves.
Divide the solution into 2 by pouring into 2 clean test tubes.
Add 10 drops of propanal to one of the tubes and 10 drops of propanone to the other. Label the tubes.
Place both tubes into a beaker of boiled water. Leave until no further changes occur (approx 5 min). Record your observations.
Put 1cm3 of acidified Potassium Dichromate (VI) solution into a clean test tube and add 10 drops of propanal. Warm Gently
Repeat step 7 using propanone instead of propanal and record your observations.

22. CARBONYL COMPOUNDS - IDENTIFICATION
Differentiation to distinguish aldehydes from ketones, use a mild oxidising agent
Tollen’s
Reagent ammoniacal silver nitrate
mild oxidising agent which will oxidise aldehydes but not ketones
contains the diammine silver(I) ion - [Ag(NH3)2 ]+
the silver(I) ion is reduced to silver Ag+(aq) + e¯ ——> Ag(s)
the test is known as THE SILVER MIRROR TEST

23. CARBONYL COMPOUNDS - IDENTIFICATION
Differentiation to distinguish aldehydes from ketones, use a mild oxidising agent
Tollen’s
Reagent ammoniacal silver nitrate
mild oxidising agent which will oxidise aldehydes but not ketones
contains the diammine silver(I) ion - [Ag(NH3)2 ]+
the silver(I) ion is reduced to silver Ag+(aq) + e¯ ——> Ag(s)
the test is known as THE SILVER MIRROR TEST
Acidified
Potassium
Dichromate (VI) Another common mild oxidising agent which can oxidise aldehydes and not ketones.
Ketones are very resistant to oxidation and can only be oxidised using very strong agents and aggressive conditions.
Aldehyde
Ketone
Green colour observed
Remains orange

24. CARBONYL COMPOUNDS - CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
OXIDATION
• provides a way of differentiating between aldehydes and ketones
• mild oxidising agents are best
• aldehydes are easier to oxidise
• powerful oxidising agents oxidise ketones to a mixture of carboxylic acids
ALDEHYDES easily oxidised to acids
RCHO(l) [O] ——> RCOOH(l)
CH3CHO(l) [O] ——> CH3COOH(l)
KETONES oxidised under vigorous conditions to acids with fewer carbons
C2H5COCH2CH3(l) [O] ——> C2H5COOH(l) CH3COOH(l)

25. Hope you have enjoyed this brief taster.
Any Questions?