1. PAST PERFECT

3. PAST PERFECT: USE
We use it to talk about things that happened before a certain event in the past. Therefore it is called “the past of the past”.
Example:
When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home.
(=Paul leaving the party took place before Sarah’s arrival)

4. PAST PERFECT: USE
If the sequence of events in the past is clear, we do not usually use the Past Perfect but rather the Simple past tense.
Example:
Last night I had a shower and went straight to bed.
(=it’s obvious that taking a shower took place before going to bed, but it is not necessary to describe the first action by using the Past Perfect (I had had a shower))

5. PAST PERFECT: FORM S + HAD + P.P + R To form this tense: Example:
Karen didn’t want to go to the cinema with us because she had already seen the film.

6. PAST PERFECT: Negative FORM
To form this tense:
S + HAD+ NOT + P.P + R
Example:
He had not gone home when I went to meet him.

7. PAST PERFECT: Interrogative Form
To form this tense:
HAD + S + P.P + R
Example:
Had you ever visited London before you went there in 2009?

8. PAST PERFECT: TIME WORDS
With the Past Perfect we use many of the same time words that we use with the Present Perfect:
for They had been in Germany for weeks.
since They had been in Germany since February.
already She had already washed the dishes.
recently I had recently visited my grandparents,

9. PAST PERFECT: TIME WORDS
We also use the following words and phrases:
by/ by the time
By the time I answered the phone, it had stopped ringing.
By 7 p.m. it had gotten dark outside.
when
When I got out of the bathroom, the film had already finished.

10. PAST PERFECT: TIME WORDS
before / never ... before
Jason was very nervous. He had never flown before.
as soon as
As soon as the guests had left I did the washing-up., etc.

11. 1. PRACTICE: FILL IN THE CORRECT VERB FORM.
1. John felt sick. He ____________ (eat) too many sweets.
2. Sheila wasn’t at home. She ____________ (go) out.
3. Julia was feeling depressed. Her boyfriend ____________ (leave) her.
4. I have to buy a new vase. Somebody ______________ (break) the old one.
had eaten
had gone
had left
had broken

12. 1. PRACTICE: FILL IN THE CORRECT VERB FORM.
5. The house looked terrible. Lisa _________________ (not clean) it in a long time.
6. I didn’t know Jack. We _____________ (not meet) before.
7. My feet hurt so much this morning. I _______________ (dance) all evening.
8. The boy _____________ (fall) off his scooter.
hadn’t cleaned
hadn’t met
had danced
had fallen

13. 2. PRACTICE: FILL IN THE PAST SIMPLE OR THE PAST PERFECT.
I _______________ (forget) to take my mobile phone so I _______________ (not call) you.
There _____________ (be) no milk in the fridge because my mum ________________ (not buy) it.
When we ______________ (get) home last night, somebody ______________ (break) into our flat.
We ______________ (not be) hungry because we _________________ (just, have) lunch.
had forgotten
didn’t call
was
hadn’t bought
got
had broken
weren’t
had just had

14. 2. PRACTICE: FILL IN THE PAST SIMPLE OR THE PAST PERFECT.
She ____________ (speak) French because she _______________ (study) it in Paris before moving to London.
I _____________ (know) her as a child but I _______________(not recognise) her after all those years.
After they _____________ (write) their homework, the kids ______________ (watch) some cartoons on TV.
Jack ____________ (refuse) to admit he ____________ (make) a mistake.
spoke
had studied
had known
didn’t recognise
had written
watched
refused
had made