1. Simulation in cardiothoracic surgical training: Where do we stand?
Kanika Trehan, MS, Clinton D. Kemp, MD, Stephen C. Yang, MD 
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 
Volume 147, Issue 1, Pages e2 (January 2014)
DOI: /j.jtcvs
Copyright © 2014 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

2. Figure E1
The Orpheus Cardiopulmonary Bypass System (ULCO Technologies, Marrickville, Australia). A, Hydraulic simulator. B, Complete setup incorporating the hydraulic simulator along with the other components of a simulated OR. ECG, Electrocardiogram; LA, left atrium; RA, right atrium.
Reprinted with permission from Morris RW, Pybus DA. “Orpheus” cardiopulmonary bypass simulation system. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2007;39:228-33, and the Orpheus Corporation.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , e2DOI: ( /j.jtcvs )
Copyright © 2014 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions

3. Figure E2
The Ramphal Cardiac Surgical Simulator. A, Schematic diagram: A represents pneumatic pulmonary pump. B represents hydraulic suction pump. C represents hydraulic coronary pump. D represents pneumatic ventricular pump. E represents simulated intraoperative vital signs monitor. F represents control monitor. G represents central processing unit. H represents porcine heart. I represents instrument table. J represents operation bed with simulated patient. K represents hydraulic pump for mock bypass circuit. L represents surgical trainee. M represents supervising surgeon. N represents scrub nurse. O represents simulation operator. P represents pressure feedback loop. Q represents pericardial cavity. R represents fluid reservoir. S represents screen. T represents transducer: i represents tubing to right and left simulated lungs; ii represents tubing circuit from pericardial suction to coronary perfusion; iii represents tubing from ventricular pump to intraventricular balloons; iv represents tubing for mock bypass circuit (precannulation); v represents serial connection between ventricular pump and central processing unit. B, Actual setup of the Ramphal Cardiac Surgery Simulator.
Reprinted with permission from Ramphal PS, Coore DN, Craven MP, Forbes NF, Newman SM, Coye AA, et al. A high fidelity tissue-based cardiac surgical simulator. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2005;27:910-6.
The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery  , e2DOI: ( /j.jtcvs )
Copyright © 2014 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery Terms and Conditions