1. Chemistry of Living Things

2. Compounds found in Living Things
All organisms consist of :
_____________ compounds
______________ compounds
Inorganic compounds
do _____________ contain _____________ and _____________
_____________ molecules.
Examples of Inorganic compounds:
__________________ makes up most of the organism.
essential for the Life Function of _______________.
Inorganic
organic
Not
both carbon
hydrogen
Simple
Water
transport

3. Salt Water Chemical reactions Carbon Hydrogen living Complex
________________- helps to maintain ________________ balance and assists in ________________ ________________ in the cell.
Organic Compounds:
Contain both ________________ and________________.
Only found in ________________ organisms.
________________ molecules.
Examples of Organic Compound found in Living Things:
___________________: Sugars and Starches.
________________: Fats and Waxes.
________________: Enzymes, antibodies and hormones.
________________: DNA and RNA
Salt
Water
Chemical
reactions
Carbon
Hydrogen
living
Complex
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

4. Carbohydrates ‘ose’ Carbon
Consist of elements ________________ , ________________ , and ________________ .
Hydrogen to Oxygen ratio ________________ .
Structural Units or ________________ ________________ of carbohydrates are ________________ or ________________.
Names of Sugars end in ________________.
Examples of Simple Sugars (monosacharrides) C6H12O6
Glucose Galactose Fructose
Hydrogen
Oxygen
2 to 1
Building
Blocks
Simple sugars
monosaccarides
‘ose’

5. Functions of Carbohydrates
Energy
Contain large amounts of _______________ released during the life function of _______________ (breaking down glucose with oxygen)
Makes up cell structures like the _______________ .
Disaccharides and Polysaccharides (starches)
Simple sugars may joint together by the life function of _______________ to form _______________ and _______________ .
Joining together _______________ simple sugars by a process of _______________ _______________ forms a _______________ .
Respiration
Cell Wall
Synthesis
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
two
Dehydration
Synthesis
Disaccharide

6. Dehydration Synthesis
many
Joining together _______________ simple sugars by dehydration synthesis forms a _______________ or _______________ .
Types of Polysaccharides:
_______________ a type of sugar stored in plants.
_______________ makes up cell walls.
_______________ excess sugar stored in the liver of humans
Starch
Polysaccharide
Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen

7. Hydrolysis
When your body _______________ polysaccharides into it’s building blocks of _______________ by adding _______________ , this is called _______________ .
_______________ is the opposite of synthesis.
An example of hydrolysis is _______________ .
Breaks down
Glucose
water
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis
Digestion

8. Lipids Carbon hydrogen
Contain _______________ _______________ , _______________ .
There is _______________ definite ratio between hydrogen and oxygen, but it is always _______________ than _______________ ratio.
Functions of Lipids:
Make up a large portion of the _______________ and _______________ .
They are stored as a reserve _______________ supply.
The building blocks or structural units of Lipids are
_______________ and _______________ .
oxygen no
greater
2:1
Cell membrane
Nuclear membrane
Energy
3 Fatty Acids
1 Glycerol

9. Proteins Contain the elements: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
_____________ and sometimes _____________.
Functions of proteins:
Used to make _____________ (ie: cell membrane)
Makes up _____________ (chemical messengers ie: insulin)
Makes up _____________ (control all chemical reactions)
Sulfur
Nitrogen
Cell Structures
Hormones
Enzymes

10. Hemoglobin Amino Acids 20 Amino Group Hydrogen Carboxyl R
Makes up _____________ (carries oxygen in the body)
Makes up antibodies (fight off diseases)
Building Blocks or structural units of Proteins are __________________ - ______________ different kinds of amino acids.
Structure of an Amino Acid:
There are 4 parts to an amino acid
____________ ____________ (NH2)
A ____________ atom (H)
A ____________ group (COOH)
An ___________ group (rest of the molecule group consisting of C,H,O)
Amino Acids 20
Amino
Group
Hydrogen
Carboxyl R

11. Alanine Glycine
This is the group that differs in each amino acid!
Synthesis of a Protein:
Putting together many ________________ by ____________ ____________ synthesis forms a ____________ protein.
As Amino Acids join by synthesis they form long _____________ which _____________, _____________ and ____________ to give each protein it’s own ____________.
Amino Acids
Dehydration
Synthesis
specific
chains
twist
fold
coil
shape

12. 2 dipeptide peptide bond polypeptide Amino acids Dehydration synthesis
Joining _____________ amino acids produces a ____________.
The bond between the 2 amino acids is called a ______________ ____________.
A _______________ or protein is formed by joining many ______________ ____________ together by ______________ ______________.
dipeptide
peptide
bond
polypeptide
Amino
acids
Dehydration
synthesis

13. Nucleic Acids;
Contain the elements:
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen and
Phosphorous
The building Blocks or structural units of Nucleic acids are ____________.
Examples of Nucleic Acids are
____________ -Deoxyribonucleic Acid (makes up chromosomes)
_____________ – Ribonucleic Acid (helps make proteins)
nucleotide
DNA
RNA

14. Enzymes:
Enzymes are large, complex ____________. (Remember proteins are made of Amino Acids!)
They are called ____________ _____________.
Catalysts _____________ and _______________ ______________ chemical reactions in the body without being an actual ______________ of the reaction.
All chemical reactions would take days or weeks to occur but with enzymes these reactions occur in ______________.
The substance the enzyme works on (acts upon) is called the ____________.
Enzymes are very ____________. This means a particular enzyme works only ______ particular substrate.
proteins
organic
catalysts
regulate
speed up
part
seconds
substrate
specific
one

15. “ase”
Enzymes end in _____________. And are named for the substrate they act upon.
ie: Maltase = works on maltose
Lipase = works on lipase
Protease = works on proteins
Amylase = works on amylose
How Enzymes work:

16. How enzymes Work
____________ ____________ - Where substrate ________________ to the enzyme.
________________ ____________ - the joining of the substrate to the enzyme.
The ____________ between enzyme and substrate must be ____________ in order for the reaction to occur.
The reaction changes the ____________ producing ____________ products, but the ____________ is unchanged.
When the reaction is completed, the ____________ and ____________ separate.
The enzyme can be used over and over again for the _____________ reaction
The enzyme can catalyze ____________ of reactions!
Active
site
attaches
Enzyme-substrate
complex
fit
exact
substrate
end
enzyme
enzyme
substrate
same
millions

17. Active- site
Denature- the ______________ of the enzyme changes ____________. The enzyme no longer ____________ because the ____________ does not fit.
______________- enzyme helpers such as ______________.
Factors which influence the rate of enzyme activity:
_____________ as temperature increases from 0oC the rate of enzyme action ______________ to a certain point.
______________________- the temperature at which the enzyme works it’s _____________.
_____________- optimum temperature for enzyme activity in the human body.
shape
work
substrate
Coenzymes
vitamins
Temperature
increases
Optimum temperature
fastest
37 oC

18. denatures
About 38o C the enzyme ____________ (breaks down)

19. 2._____________ ___ _______________- When more ____________ is added to a fixed amount of enzymes, the rate of reaction _____________ to a point and then remains the same.
Amount of
Enzyme or
substrate
substrate
increases

20. 3.____________ a measure of how acidic or basic a substance is.
Most enzymes in the body work best at a Ph of ___________.
Some enzymes like those in the _____________
( like gastric protease) work best in an acidic Ph ____________ 7.
Other enzymes work best in a basic Ph (intestinal protease) ____________ 7. Ph 7
stomach
below
above

21. Both these enzymes work between a Ph of 4 and about 5.8