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Shadowing Task Cherry, 1953 Attended Unattended
Gosh,… this…… is ……..hard Once upon a time in a galaxy far, far away saying “Practice makes perfect” . Attended Unattended Once upon a time in a galaxy far, far away
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Selective Attention Paradigm The Unattended Message
What Gets Through Cherry, 1953 Noise vs. Speech Male vs. Female Moray, 1959 Own Name Treisman, 1960 Identical message Continuations of attended What Doesn’t Cherry, 1953 Change in language Reversed speech Moray, 1959 Repetition (list of words x 35) Warning about test
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Structures + Information Flow
The Modal Model Atkinison & Shiffrin’s (1971) three store model Structures + Information Flow Sensory Registers sight visual Rehearsal Long-term store Short-term store sound auditory Attention Retrieval Strategies haptic touch Response Output
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From Sensation and Perception to Memory
Attention From Sensation and Perception to Memory ? Attention Sensory Registers visual Short-term store auditory haptic
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Selective Attention as a Filter
Attention Metaphors Selective Attention as a Filter Sensory Register visual auditory Short-term store Listener can attend to information of interest “filter out” or “attenuate” (turn down) other info
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Selective Attention as a Bottleneck
Attention Metaphors Selective Attention as a Bottleneck Sensory Register auditory visual Short-term store Attention acts as a bottleneck Letting only a limited amount of info through Keeping other info out
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Distracting info filtered out before processed for meaning
Attention Filter Theories: Early Filter Theory Broadbent’s (1958) Bottleneck Theory Sensory Register Selective Filter Perceptual Processes auditory visual Short-term store Assumptions Distracting info filtered out before processed for meaning Filter acts as a gate, switching from one channel to the other
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Attention Filter Theories: Early Filter Theory
Broadbent’s (1958) Bottleneck Theory Assumptions Distracting info filtered out before processed for meaning Filter acts as a gate, switching from one channel to the other Evidence Notice sensory changes, but not semantic in unattended message Cherry, 1953 Broadbent, 1959
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Attention Filter Theories: Early Filter Theory
Broadbent’s (1958) Bottleneck Theory Evidence Broadbent, 1959 3 8 2 7 4 1 asked to recall both messages Recall input to one ear then other, not order -“switching” of attention between ears
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Attention Filter Theories: Attenuation Theory
Treisman’s (1960) Attenuation Theory Sensory Register Attenuation Control Perceptual Processes auditory visual Short-term store Limited Capacity Assumptions Unwanted sources attenuated (turned down) Process physical properties and meaning Some aspects of meaning easily attended to in attenuated messages.
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Attention Filter Theories: Attenuation Theory
Treisman’s (1960) Attenuation Theory Assumptions Unwanted sources attenuated (turned down) Process physical properties and meaning Some aspects of meaning easily attended to in attenuated messages. Evidence Cocktail party effect Moray (196) notice own name in unattended Triesman (1960) switch between channels based on meaning
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Attention Filter Theories: Late Filter Theory
Deutch & Deutch’s (1963) Late Filter Theory Sensory Register Perceptual Processes Conscious Attention auditory visual Short-term store Assumptions Process physical properties and meaning Conscious selection of source that meets current needs : selection for action.
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Attention Filter Theories: Late Selection Theory
Deutch & Deutch’s (1963) Assumptions Process physical properties and meaning Conscious selection of source that meets current needs : selection for action. Evidence Mackay (1973) Disambiguating properties of unattended words
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Evidence Against Early Selection
Sentences with ambiguous meaning Half Subjects They threw stones toward the bank yesterday Money River Half Subjects They threw stones toward the bank yesterday
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Evidence Against Early Selection
Post-Shadowing Test Heard 28 ambiguous sentences. 28 “recognition trials” pick sentence that best matches meaning of the sentences on the attended channel: “They threw stones toward the side of the river yesterday.” vs. “They threw stones toward the savings and loan association yesterday.”
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Evidence Against Early Selection
Result Choice of sentence influenced by word in unattended ear Hear: money → Pick “financial institution” Hear: river → Pick ”river bank” Asked about the word in the unattended ear participants entirely unaware of unattended word Conclusion unattended word was processed for meaning
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Divided Attention Stroop (1935)
Name the ink colour used to print the following words: GREEN RED BLACK ORANGE
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Divided Attention Stroop (1935)
Name the ink colour used to print the following words: RED GREEN GREY PURPLE
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Divided Attention Stroop (1935) Results
congruent words (word and colour match) Much quicker to name ink colour incongruent words (word and colour mismatch) Much slower to name ink colour Conclusion Word recognition is an automatic process. It occurs reflexively and cannot be prevented. automatic process (reading) can interfere with a controlled process (colour naming).
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