1. cells pt 2

2. Boardworks AS Biology Cell Structure
Mitochondria
The mitochondrion is an energy-generating organelle.
It is surrounded by two membranes. The inner layer folds inwards to form the cristae. The cristae project into a liquid called the matrix.
outer membrane
cristae
matrix
Teacher notes
The folds in the inner membrane (the cristae) provide a large surface area for ATP synthesis. The inner membrane is studded with stalked particles on which the enzyme ATPase (which catalyzes the creation of ATP) is located.
inner membrane
The inner membrane is coated in enzymes, which catalyze the reactions of aerobic respiration to produce ATP.

3. Boardworks AS Biology Cell Structure
Which organelle?

4. Boardworks AS Biology Cell Structure
Plant cells
Plant cells share all the common features of animal cells, but also contain some additional organelles.
Plants gain all their energy from sunlight; cells in their leaves contain many chloroplasts to convert this into a useful form.
chloroplast
vacuole
Every plant cell is surrounded by a cell wall, and contains one or more permanent vacuoles.
cell wall

5. Boardworks AS Biology Cell Structure
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts use carbon dioxide, water and light energy to build sugars. They are present in all green plants.
The chloroplast is surrounded by a double membrane. It is filled with a liquid called the stroma, and contains stacks of thylakoid membranes called grana.
grana
stroma
Teacher notes
Chloroplasts use the light energy absorbed by chlorophyll to build sugars. These are converted into complex carbohydrates to store energy for all the plant’s needs.
thylakoid membrane
The thylakoid membranes are the site of photosynthesis.

6. Eukaryotic organelles
Boardworks AS Biology
Cell Structure
Eukaryotic organelles

7. Question
Liver cells are packed with rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrea. Why?

8. Answer
Liver cells synthesise many proteins, including enzymes and plasma proteins.

9. Questions for homework
Create a table to compare the presence of organelles in a lymphocyte and in a pallisade mesophyll cell.
Name a type of plant cell in which you would be unlikely to find chloroplasts.