1. Development of Darling Harbour – the spectacle city

2. Geography ● Location of Darling Harbour ● What was before Darling Harbour ● How did it get the name Darling Harbour ● Effects of Darling Harbour Construction ● Cost for construction of Darling Harbour ● Significance of Darling Harbour

3. History of Darling Harbour ● WW2 - Dying freight interchange ● 1971 - Parkland & public & private housing for 6000 people ● 1983 - Bicentennial tourist recreation project ● 1984 - Costs lept to $1 billion, Planning powers overridden by DHA ● 1986 - Cost-benefit analysis was conducted ● 1987 - Job creation ● 1988 - Queen Elizabeth 2 opened Darling Harbour & Bipartisan parliamentary committee reviewed the project ● 1998 - Cockle Bay Wharf completion ● 2000 - 5 Olympic sports were hosted

4. Planning Theory - Neoliberalism Features of Neoliberalism include: ● Rolled back government intervention ● Increased competitiveness Relation to Darling Harbour: ● Project originated from state government ● Darling Harbour Authority (DHA) took on the project with restrictions on development ● Darling Harbour Act 1984 was passed giving overriding planning powers ● major cost implications & political conflicts

5. Social Impact ●Darling Harbour controversy over lack of public consultation ●1971 Sydney Strategy Plan: area set aside for parkland, mixed income (public and private) housing for 6000 people ●1984 Revitalization of Darling Harbour: high-technology “discovery village” for family entertainment, an aquarium, “festival” retail markets, waterfront promenades, a maritime museum, parks, a Chinese garden and a hotel and casino complex. ○Create 30,000 jobs while under construction and further 10,000 jobs on completion.

6. Social Impact (cont.) ●1985 Construction of Monorail: Public protest and faced criticism ○Greatest opposition over Darling Harbour ○Protests from residents in Ultimo ○Development affected local perception of city and its “sense of place”

7. Political Impact Darling Harbour is also considered as the political showpiece to demonstrate the capacity (efficiency and management skills) of New South Wales Government 1970: Sydney city council and NSW state government proposed for the development of Darling Harbor. 1982: Sydney expo '88 proposal state prier. Neville Wran requested the minister of planning and Environment to prepare for the development and management of DH. 1983: Series of development projects in DH by Neville Wran. 1984: Establishment of Darling Harbor Authority/Act (DHA) 1988 : Recommendations related to the development of Darling Harbor Breakdown of illegal casinos

8. Political Impact (cont.) Following events: opening by the queen in 4th may 1998 Controversies about no proper consultation and planning and monorail Darling Harbor related to 2 of the projects: city west project Sydney Olympics 1996 : Second wave of redevelopment launched DHA still exempt from standard planning procedures and they do consult but is not participation. Community invited only to recommend only on the predetermined agenda

9. Economic Impact ●Tremendous rise of financial sector of Australian economy in 1970s and 80s. ●Growth facilitate by policy of increasing deregulation in between 1984-86. ●Advancement of financial services industry was reviewed in higher level of lending in 1980s ●The 1970s and 1980s brought a chain of events ○That led to Sydney’s emergence as a world city and ○The redevelopment of its central business district.

10. Economic Impact (cont.) ●To maintain the standard of economic level of 1980s,certain economic strategy were made : ○Public sector converted to the principles of economic rationalism. ○The buzz-words of “global best practice” and “efficiency” indicated new economic policies. ●Darling Harbour emerged against the background Australia’s economic and political order. ●Symbolized the new financial economy. ●Sydney’s rise in the national and global finance market.

11. Economic Impact (cont.) ●Financial services and property became the growth of the industries. ● Growth of financial sector was resembled by: ○Flow of capital into urban development and ○Property market. ● Official Lunch of scheme on 1 st May, 1984 which included ○High technology discovery village for family entertainment ○An aquarium ○Festival retail markets ○Waterfront promenades ○A maritime Museum ○Parks ○A Chinese Garden and ○A hotel and capital complex.

12. Economic Impact (cont.) ●The chain to build a hotel and casino in Darling Harbour evoked a strong public reaction. ●Tourism emerged as the new source for the largest economics sector in terms of foreign earning. ○Japanese direct investment helped Australia’s economy in 1986. ○Japanese tourist provided a general boost to foreign earnings in 1980s. ●Eventually tourism becomes the largest economic sector in terms of foreign earnings.