1. What Is an Abstract?
Abstract Writing

2. Abstracts
Abstract summarized and highlight the major points in your topic.
Abstract are written for many formal reports, journal articles, and most dissertations

3. Abstract primary purpose
To enable readers to decide whether to read the work in full.
They enable researches to review a great deal of literature in a short time.

4. Abstract for reports and articles
Abstract must accurately but concisely describe the original work so that researchers in the field will not miss valuable information.
Abstract should contain no information not discussed in the original.

5. Abstracts
An abstract is a short informative or descriptive summary of a longer report.
It is written after the report is completed, although it is intended to be read first.
In a technical report, the abstract appears on a separate page after the table of contents and list of illustrations

6. Abstract Classification
Descriptive
Informative

7. Descriptive Abstract
Tell readers what information the report, article, or paper contains
Include the purpose, methods, and scope of the report, article, or paper
Do not provide results, conclusions, or recommendations.
Are always very short, usually under 100 words.
Introduce the subject to readers, who must then read the report, article, or paper to find out the author's results, conclusions, or recommendations

8. Example Of Descriptive Abstract
Purpose and scope
This report describes the practices selected foreign countries for providing engineering expertise on shift in nuclear power plants. The report discusses the extent to which engineering expertise is made available and the alternative models of providing such expertise. The implications of foreign practices for U.S. consideration are discussed, with particular reference to the shift technical advisor position and to a proposed shift engineer position

9. Continue Example
Methods used
The relevant information for this study came from the open literature, interviews with utility staff and officials, and governmental and nuclear utility reports.

10. Informative Abstracts
Communicate specific information from the report, article, or paper.
Include the purpose, methods, and scope of the report, article, or paper.
Provide the report, article, or paper's results, conclusions, and recommendations.
Allow readers to decide whether they want to read the report, article, or paper.

11. Example of Informative Abstract
Purpose and scope
This report describes the practices selected foreign countries for providing engineering expertise on shift in nuclear power plants. The report discusses the extent to which engineering expertise is made available and the alternative models of providing such expertise. The implications of foreign practices for U.S. consideration are discussed, with particular reference to t he shift technical advisor position and to a

12. Continue Example
Methods used and Finding
proposed shift engineer position. The relevant information for this study came from the open literature, interviews with utility staff and officials, and governmental and nuclear utility reports. The countries used two approaches to
provide engineering expertise on shift:(1) employing a graduate engineer in a line management operations position and (2) creating a specific engineering position to provide expertise to the operations staff. The comparison of these two models did not

13. Continue Example
Conclusion and recommendation
indicate that one system inherently functions more effectively than does the other for safe operations. However, the alternative models are likely to affect crew relationships and performance; labor supply, recruitment, and retention and system implementation. Of the two systems, the nonsupervisory engineering position seems more advantageous within the context of current recruitment and career- path practices.

14. Where to find examples of abstracts:
Read the abstract; read the article. Pick the best ones, the examples where the abstract makes the article easier to read, and figure out how they do it.
Not everyone writes good abstracts, even in refereed journals, but the more abstracts you read, the easier it is to spot the good ones.

15. Abstract Should Includes
The subject of the study
The scope of the study
The purpose of the study
The methods used
The results obtained (informative abstract only)
The Recommendations made, if any (informative abstract only)

16. Abstract Should not Include
The background of study
A detailed discussion or explanation of the methods used
Administrative details about how the study was undertaken, who funded it, who worked on it.
Figures, tables, charts, maps, and bibliographic references
Any information that does not appear in the original.

17. COMMON PROBLEMS
Too long. If your abstract is too long, it may be rejected. Abstracts are often too long because people forget to count their words
Too much detail. Abstracts that are too long often have unnecessary details. The abstract is not the place for detailed explanations of methodology or for details about the context of your research problem
Too short. Shorter is not necessarily better.  If your word limit is 200 but you only write 95 words, you probably have not written in sufficient detail.
Failure to include important information. You need to be careful to cover the points listed above.

18. Quiz 1
How many Type of abstract are there, name them and what are the different between them ?