1. Properties of Water
Opener 3/21: (On your paper) What do you know about the phases of water?

2. Polarity
Water is a polar molecule. Talk with your neighbor, what does it mean if a bond or molecule is polar. Hint: think about electronegativity.
Based on your conversation, which atom(s) in a water molecule are more attractive to electrons?
A. Hydrogen B. Oxygen
Which atoms would then have a more negative charge?

3. What we know so far Water is a polar molecule
Electrons are attracted to the oxygen atom in the molecule.
This creates a negative charge toward the oxygen end of the molecule and a positive charge at the hydrogen end.
Add to your diagram to depict this information.

4. Hydrogen Bonding
Due to the polarity of the molecule the more positive hydrogen ends are attracted to the more negative lone pairs on oxygen of other water molecules.
This attraction results in an intermolecular force known as hydrogen bonding. More to follow…

5. Density In what phase is water most dense? A. Solid B. Liquid C. Gas
Talk with your partner is this what you expected? Why or why not?
Normally solids are more dense than their liquid form because there are more molecules packed in less space. Water however creates a honeycombed lattice held together by hydrogen bonds. This solid form holds the molecules farther apart than in their liquid state.
Normally solids are more dense because there are more molecules in less space. Water however

6. Surface Tension
The inward force, or pull, that minimizes the surface area of a liquid is called surface tension.
The spherical shape of a water drop provides the minimum surface area for a give volume. This maximizes the ability of the molecules to interact.
Talk with your neighbor
How can you account for the high surface tension of water?
How does the addition of a surfactant impact water’s surface tension?

7. Vapor Pressure
The force exerted by a gas above a liquid in a sealed container is vapor pressure.
Water has unusually low vapor pressure, which means that it is difficult for water molecules to escape the surface of the liquid into the vapor phase.
Talk with your neighbor…
Why would water’s vapor pressure be low?
Why would heating water make vaporization occur more frequently?
Why is low vapor pressure of water important in nature?

8. Heat Capacity
Heat capacity is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of the substance by 1°C.
Water’s heat capacity is j/g°C.
Talk with your neighbor…
How does water compare to the heat capacity of other substances? Why?

9. Intermolecular Forces (IMFs)

10. Intermolecular Forces
The forces with which molecules attract each other.
Intermolecular forces are weaker than ionic or covalent bonds.
Intermolecular forces are responsible for the physical state of a compound (solid, liquid or gas).
Types of IMFs:
Weakest-Van der Waals: dipole-dipole & dispersion
Strongest-Hydrogen Bonds

11. Van der Waals-Dipole Interactions
Remember: A polar molecule has two poles, which we will refer to as dipoles.
Electrostatic interaction occur between the oppositely charged regions of polar molecules (dipoles).

12. Practice Question Which Molecules have Dipole Interactions?
A) Polar B) Non-Polar
Which of the following molecules has dipole interactions?
A) F2 B) CH4 C) CH3Cl
After each response tell your neighbor why you selected the answer you did.

13. Van der Waals Forces-Dispersion Forces
Dispersion Forces (aka London Dispersion)
Caused by the motion of electrons.
Increase as the number of electrons increases.
Weakest of all intermolecular forces.

14. Hydrogen Bonding
Remember: Hydrogen bonding is the attraction between a hydrogen atom of a molecule to an unshared pair of electrons in another molecule.
Hydrogen bonding occurs in molecules where hydrogen is covalently bonded to a very electronegative element.
Hydrogen bonding occurs in molecules containing N, O, and F.

15. Hydrogen Bonding, Continued
Hydrogen bonds are the strongest of all intermolecular forces.
Hydrogen bonds are possible because in hydrogen atoms there is no shielding of the nucleus.
Talk with your neighbor…
What is nuclear shielding?
Hydrogen bonds are responsible for the physical properties of many biological substances and, more importantly, water.

16. Which of the following molecules can have hydrogen bonding?
A) F2
B) CH4
C) H2O
D) CH3Cl
E) NH3