1. Section 2
Types of Bonds

2. Essential Questions What are ionic bonds and covalent bonds?
Which particles are produced by different types of bonding?
How do nonpolar and polar covalent bonds compare?

3. Review Vocabulary
atom: the smallest piece of matter that still retains the properties of the element

4. New Vocabulary ion polar bond ionic bond polar molecule covalent bond
nonpolar molecule
molecule
nonpolar bond

5. Ions
Atoms, too, lose or gain to meet a standard—stability. They do not lose or gain an advantage. Instead, atoms lose or gain electrons. An atom that has gained or lost an electron is called an ion. An ion is a charged particle that has either more or fewer electrons than protons. When an atom loses electrons, it becomes a positively charged ion known as a cation. When an atom gains electrons, it becomes a negatively charged ion known
as an anion. The
electric forces
between oppositely
charged particles
can hold ions together.
(l)Matt Meadows/McGraw-Hill Education, (r)SPL/Science Source

6. Molecules
Some atoms of nonmetals are unlikely to lose or gain electrons. For example, group 14 elements would have to either gain or lose four electrons to achieve a stable outer energy level. The loss of this many electrons takes a great deal of energy. Each time an electron is removed, the nucleus holds the remaining electrons even more tightly. Therefore, these atoms become more chemically stable by sharing electrons, rather than by becoming ions.
The attraction that forms between
atoms when they share electrons is
known as a covalent bond. The
neutral particle that forms as a
result of electron sharing is called
a molecule.

7. Assessment 1. What is the name of CuO? copper oxide copper(I) oxideB
copper(II) oxide C
CORRECT
copper(III) oxide D

8. Assessment 2.
Which of the following formulas represents a nonpolar molecule? N2 A
CORRECT
H2O B
NaCl C
HCl D

9. Assessment 3.
How many electrons are in the outer energy levels of the highlighted group of elements? 1 A 2 B 7 C
CORRECT 17 D

10. Assessment 4. Which of these is an example of a covalent compound?
sodium chloride A
calcium fluoride B
calcium chloride C
sulfur dioxide D
CORRECT