1. hybridization

2. hybridization
The mixing of atomic orbitals to produce new orbitals of equal energy in a bonded molecule
New orbitals have properties of each of the original orbitals
The new orbitals all have the same shape and equal orientation around the central atom
These orbitals help explain the shapes of molecules

3. Original shapes of orbitals
Orbitals before hybridization

4. hybrid orbital shapes
sp3 created from 1 s orbital and 3 p orbitals to make 4 hybrid orbitals

5. hybrid orbital shapes
sp2 orbitals created from one s and two p orbitals to create three new orbital
1 p orbital left unchanged

6. hybrid orbital shapes
sp orbital created from one s orbital and one p orbital to create two new orbitals
Two p orbitals left unchanged

7. Other hybrid orbitals sp3d – five new hybrid orbitals
sp3d2 – six new hybrid orbitals

8. How to determine hybridization
Add up the number of bonds and electron pairs on the central atom
Determine the type of hybridization that creates that many new orbitals