1. & levels of organization
Biochemistry
& levels of organization

2. Levels of Organization
Sub-atomic particles …….put together make
Atoms……………………….. .put together make
Molecules (monomers) …put together make
Macromolecules (polymers) … put together make
Organelles & Cell parts … put together make
Cells (smallest unit of life)

3. Sub-atomic Particles Sub = smaller or under Atomic = atom Protons (+)
Protons (+)
Neutrons (o)
Electrons (-)

4. Atoms Nucleus = protons & neutrons in center of atom
Electron Cloud = area around nucleus where electrons move about

5. Atoms The number of protons in an atom determines the Element
The most common elements in living things are:
C H N O P S

6. Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorous
Sulfur
Elements we need in only very small amounts are called
Trace elements

7. Carbon Based Life Forms
Life on earth is carbon-based
Carbon atoms have unique properties
that enable the construction of the
VERY large molecules needed for life.
Carbon forms the
framework for
Macromolecules

8. Carbon Atoms: Can bond to 4 other atoms Form short strong bonds
Can make double bonds
Can form long chains and rings

9. Monomers Single molecules that make up all living things
1) monosaccharides = single sugars
2) glycerol – alcohol used to connect things
3) fatty acids – make
4) amino acids - make
5) Nucleotides – found in
- make

10. Polymers Also called macromolecules in Bio
Made of many small molecules (monomers)

11. Nucleus Function of Nucleus – control the cell
Polymers – nucleic acids
DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid
genetic code – always stays in nucleus
stores instructions on running the cell
broken up into strands called chromosomes
all chromosomes together called chromatin
RNA – ribonucleic acid
carries directions from nucleus out to cell
exits through nuclear pores

12. nucleolus Area of nucleus where ribosome parts are made.
The Ribosome subunits are made of RNA
Looks like a dark spot inside nucleus

13. Nucleic Acids are made of:
Chains of Monomers called Nucleotides
each nucleotide has 3 parts
1) a phosphate
2) a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
3) a nitrogen containing base

14. Cell Wall Function – Protect cell from physical damage
Description – hard outer shell
- has holes to let things in/out
* carbon dioxide & oxygen
* water & nutrients
Polymer – Polysaccharide called Cellulose

15. Polysaccharides are made of:
Chains of Monomers called monosaccharides
Glucose is the monosaccharide that makes up cellulose

16. Carbohydrates (Carbs)
carbohydrates = made of only C, H, O
carbon + water
If any other element is present the molecule is NOT a carbohydrate
monosaccharides & polysaccharides are Carbs.

17. Carbohydrate examples:
Monosaccharides :Glucose and Fructose
Disaccharide: Sucrose (table sugar) =
glucose+fructose
Polysaccharides:
Starch – chains of glucose
made by plants to store energy
Glycogen - chains of glucose
made by animals to store energy
Cellulose – chains of glucose
makes up cell wall = fiber in our diet

19. Cell Membrane Function – determines what gets into/out of cell
Description – flexible lining
- inside cell wall of plant like liner
- holds liquid in animal cell like water balloon
Macromolecule- Lipids

20. Lipids Macromolecules that do not mix with water
Called water fearing –
hydrophobic
Cell membrane are phospholipids
Steroid hormones are lipids
Fats & oils are lipids used to store energy
*** long term storage***
Fats = saturated and solid
too much => heart disease
Oils = unsaturated and liquid

21. Lipid Nutrition Facts Fatty acid saturated Good in reasonable amounts
Solid animal fats
Butter, steak fat, lard, bacon grease
unsaturated
Best
Liquid oils
Vegetable oil, fish oil
Partially hydrogenated
BAD
Soft solid oil = trans fats
Most margarine, Crisco, some frying oil
Omega 3
Good bsc we don’t get enough of it
oil
Fish, seafood, olive oil, walnuts, grass fed beef

22. Fats & Oils are made of One glycerol monomer + 3 fatty acid monomers
Called triglycerides

23. Oils have unsaturated fatty acids
Don’t pack well = liquid

24. Phospholipids A) Made of glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate
-Phosphate head is
hydrophilic
(water loving)
-Hydrocarbon tails are hydrophobic
B) Makes up cell membranes

25. Ribosomes Function – make proteins Description – tiny spheres
- float in cytoplasm
- stuck to membrane called ER

26. Ribosome Macromolecules
Ribosomes have 2 parts (subunits)
RNA subunit made in nucleolus
Protein subunit

27. Proteins Make up muscle Found in meat Made of monomers called
amino acids
Chains of amino acids
fold into 3-D shapes

28. Amino Acids Monomers that make up proteins
Humans have 20 different kinds
Some are essential
must eat them in our diet
can’t make them in our cells

29. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Membrane system makes tunnels through cell
Rough E.R. has ribosomes stuck to it
Smooth E.R. no ribosomes

30. Endoplasmic Reticulum Functions
Rough – helps fold proteins into 3-D shape
Smooth – detoxifies drugs/toxins
Macromolecules: made of membrane so…
mostly phospholipids