1. Scientific Revolution
Chapter 8

2. These mathematical advances paved the way for the Scientific Revolution by giving scientists means for analyzing their observations:
• Simon Stevin popularized decimal fractions, thus making it easier for scientists to perform arithmetical calculations.
• François Viète laid the foundation for modern algebra, which allowed scientists to construct and solve equations.
• John Napier invented tables of logarithms, which simplified complex calculations.

3. What are the key points of the Ptolemaic system?
• Geocentric model (the Earth at fixed point in the center of the universe)
• Heavenly bodies are embedded in the transparent spheres that rotate about Earth.
• The moon, planets, and the sun are in separate concentric spheres that revolve around Earth.
• The rotation of the spheres makes the heavenly bodies rotate about Earth.
• All stars in a sphere beyond the planetary spheres.
• The tenth sphere is the “prime mover.”
• God outside the universe, beyond the outermost sphere

4. Nicolaus Copernicus • Astronomer and mathematician
• Proposed that Earth and other planets move around sun
• Through his theory of the universe, influenced other scientists of Scientific Revolution

5. • The universal law of gravitation is one of Newton’s three rules of motion.
• It explains that planetary bodies continue in elliptical orbits around the sun because of a force called gravity.
• Newton defines gravity as the force of attraction between objects, with the force exerted by an object proportional to the object's mass.
• The law applies on Earth and everywhere else in the universe.

6. Johannes Kepler
• Astronomer and mathematician
• Discovered that planets have elliptical orbits around sun
• Worked out laws governing speeds of planetary orbits
• Built on Copernican theory, providing basis for discoveries of future astronomers

7. Galileo Galilei
• Astronomer and mathematician
• Discovered moons of Jupiter, sunspots, and mountains on Earth’s moon
• Formulated law of falling bodies, revolutionizing study of motion by allowing scientists to analyze and predict movements of everything from cannonballs to planets.

8. Isaac Newton
• Scientist and mathematician
• Defined three laws of motion that explain movements of all objects
• Formulated universal law of gravitation
• Provided basis for idea that universe functions like a huge machine, according to natural laws

9. Robert Boyle
• Conducted controlled experiments in chemistry
• Developed Boyle’s Law: Volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted on it.
Antoine Lavoisier
• Invented system for naming chemical elements
• Explained process of combustion

10. Margaret Cavendish
• Made great contributions to philosophy
• Wrote several works on scientific matters, including Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy
• Criticized idea that humans are masters of nature
Maria Winkelmann
• Worked as an astronomer
• Discovered a comet
• Published a number of papers about her observations of the skies

11. How did Bacon, an English philosopher, contribute to the Scientific Revolution?

13. The End