1. Vowels for the test
high
low

2. Cardinal vowels
Daniel Jones ( )

3. Cardinal vowels Not necessarily real vowels in any language
(Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996)

4. Cardinal vowels
Most extreme tongue positions that still result in vowels
too high =
“There is a kind of boundary in the mouth and pharynx beyond which…vowel sounds become fricatives…”
too front =
too high =
too back =

5. Cardinal vowels

6. True position of the tongue
(Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996)

7. Acoustic measures
(Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996)

8. Cardinal vowel tongue position
Red dot is highest point of tongue; purple x is reference point

9. Cardinal vowels

10. Listen to cardinal vowels