1. Level 2 Anatomy & Physiology
Skin differences, types & characteristics

2. Differences in skin structure across gender, age & race
Skin ethnicity is grouped into 5 basic categories.
White/caucasian
Black
Asian
Oriental
Mixed
Mediterranen
Although there is no difference in skin functions, the amount of melanin (colour pigment ) results in different skin colouring. Skin from different ethnic backgrounds also tend to have slightly different characteristics.
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White/Caucasian
Most delicate/fragile of all skin types
Pink skin colour.
Sun damage is often seen as there is a lot less melanin produced.
Tendency to show signs of premature aging- wrinkles/fine lines
Can be more prone to broken capillaries
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Black
More evenly distributed melanocytes
Greater elasticity & strength of collagen fibres
Less prone to sagging
Sebaceous glands are larger and denser so skin is less prone to wrinkles
Aging process slower
Cell renewal faster
Can be sensitive to products – avoid harsh, abrasive types
Prone to keloid scarring
Although this type of skin can look “oily” it is often just the reflection of light against the black skin
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Asian
Light to dark tone with a yellow undertone.
Tendency towards hyper-pigmentation which appears as dark patches.
Larger and more numerous sweat glands
Fewer oil related problems
Aging process slower due to stronger underlying fibres
Can be prone to loss of pigmentation
Uneven colouring especially under the eyes
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Oriental
Yellowish undertone and darker again due to higher melanin content.
Rarely shows signs of aging
Prone to hyper-pigmentation.
Female skin is usually very smooth with little facial hair.
Tendency to scar easily.
Can be fairly oily, especially the T-zone
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Mixed
Features vary as the skin is the result of mixed ethnic backgrounds.
Will need a thorough skin analysis and should be treated according to the results. Likely to show a combination of influencing factors
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Mediterranean
Golden skin with olive tones
Tends to be oilier due to activity of sebaceous glands
Tends not to dry out
Slow to wrinkle
Quite a robust skin type, less prone to damage
Can withstand higher levels of UV without burning
Tendency to excessive facial/body hair
Tends to thicken with age
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9. Differences in skin structure across gender, age & race Male skin
Male skin is approx 20% thicker than female skin and is typically firmer because it's richer in collagen and elastin.
Sebaceous glands tend to be more active in men's skin which often means that the effects of ageing are seen later
Daily shaving also helps with exfoliation but can also lead to dehydration if the skin is not re-hydrated properly after every shave
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10. Differences in skin structure across gender, age & race Skin types
Oily
Dry
Combination
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Oily skin
Caused by sebum overproduction from the sebaceous gland.
Disturbs the acid mantle & ratio of water to sebum on the skin.
Skin looks shiny, blackheads and pustules may also be present, large pores are common, skin can look sallow, uneven, coarse and can be slightly thicker.
Often develops around puberty when there is a surge in activity in the glands, caused by hormones
This type of skin is often over treated with harsh products which will dry the skin out.
This type of skin will show the signs of aging more slowly due to the excessive sebum production
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12. Dry skin This skin is oil and moisture deficient
The texture is often rough, fine (papery) and flaky. It is prone to closed pores and dilated capillaries.
Lines and wrinkles are more commonly seen early on dry skin especially around the eye area.
The skin appears dull, matt and lacks suppleness
Often feels tight
Dry skin can be caused by poor or incorrect product use, extreme weather exposure, over exposure to UV or poor diet

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Combination skin
Combination of 2 or more skin types, most commonly an oily T-zone and dry or normal cheek areas.
The T-zone has more sebaceous glands hence the oily section.
This skin type should be treated as 2 different skin types where possible
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Skin conditions
Sensitive
Dehydrated
Broken capillaries
Pustules
Papules
Open pores
Dark circles
Hyperpigmentation
Hypo pigmentation
Sun damage
Scarring
Erythema
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Sensitive
Sensitive skin is very reactive even to mild stimulus.
The skin often looks pale or dry and can have a highly flushed look
The skin colours early
Often shows similar characteristics to dry skin
Reactive to products
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Dehydrated
Caused by a lack of surface moisture
This does not necessarily mean that there is anything wrong with the sebaceous secretions.
Can be caused by over exposure to extreme temperatures, harsh products being used, central heating or over dieting (to name a few)
Most common cause is lack of water. This can be due to not drinking enough water or too many alcoholic or caffeinated drinks
skin looks fine and has papery surface lines which look like tiny wrinkles
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Broken capillaries
Tiny red thread like blood vessels which are visible on the surface of the skin.
Broken capillaries occur when the capillary walls narrow and widen too quickly causing the muscles in the walls to tear. This in turn allows the blood to seep out resulting in broken capillaries.
Dehydrated, dry and sensitive skins often have thin skin that provides less protection and therefore,
Common causes of broken capillaries are: 1. Hot conditions 2. Wind blowing on the face 3. Burning i.e. sunburn 4. Moving from one extreme temperature to another 5. Pressure i.e. squeezing spots or glasses pressing on the face
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Papules/Pustules
Pustule. A pustule is a small inflamed spot which is filled with pus. ( it is a fancy name for a zit).
Papule. A papule is similar to a pustule except that it is solid in nature and does not contain pus.
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Open pores
The tiny holes on the surface of skin that hair emerges through are called pores.
Along with housing a hair follicle, pores have a sebaceous gland and are the route for sebum.
Some pores are larger than others, so are more visible and appear "open."
Their size is attributed to the size of the oil gland and hair follicle they contain
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Dark circles
The skin below our eyes is thin and is not as well endowed with oil glands as the rest of the body. Consequently as we age, the skin gets dry and wrinkled.
As a result, the veins in the lower eye area appear more prominent. This results in dark circles under the eyes.
Other factors causing dark circles can include:
Heredity – Lack of Sleep – Bone Structure – Deep set eyes may have a tendency to develop dark shadows under them. Sun Exposure – Increased exposure to the sun can draw pigmentation the skin’s surface and create dark circles. Medication – Drugs that cause blood vessels to dilate may result in darkening circles around the eyes. Nutrition – Dark circle around the eyes can be the result of poor nutrition. Hormonal Changes – Since the skin undergoes changes during pregnancy and menstruation, you may notice darkening of the circles under the eyes.
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21. Hyper/Hypo pigmentation
Hyper pigmentation – increased melanin production leads to patches of darker skin.
Hypo pigmentation – patches of skin where all colour has been lost. This can also be referred to as Vitiligo.
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Sun damage
Prolonged exposure to sun causes many changes in the skin, this can include
Premature ageing
Skin cancer
Thickening of the epidermis
Changes to skin colour – brown spots/hyper-pigmentation/tanning
Broken capillaries
Dehydration
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Scarring
A scar is the pale pink, brown, or silvery patch of skin that grows in the place where you once had a cut, scrape, or sore.
A scar is your skin's way of repairing itself from injury
A scar isn't always a sure thing, though. Factors can include, how deep or severe the original wound was, its location and the persons genetic tendency to scarring
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Erythema
Erythema is a skin condition characterized by redness or rash.
This can be the result of increased circulation through massage, the result of an allergic reaction or over exposure to UV.
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