1. - Strictly Confidential -
Smoke Density and Toxicity Analysis of different classification and test methods used in transport modes
C. Vinson - GERFLOR
- Strictly Confidential -

2. SMOKE DENSITY Synthesis
MARITIME
RAILWAY (EU)
RAILWAY (USA)
AIRCRAFT (USA/EU)
AIRCRAFT
Classification document
IMO / FTP Code 2010 EN EN
NFPA 130
FAR Part 25 / CS-25
ABD 0031 (Airbus)
BSS (Boeing)
Hazard levels
HL1 / HL2 / HL3
Test method
FTP Part 2 : EN ISO
(NBS Smoke chamber)
EN ISO
ASTM E662
Testing configuration
Horizontal
Vertical
Test time
20 mn
10 mn
Irradiation
25 kW/m² with pilot flame and
25 kW/m² without pilot flame and
50 kW/m² without pilot flame
25 kW/m² with pilot flame or
25 kW/m² without pilot flame
25 kW/m² with pilot flame
Measured parameters
Ds max.
(for the 3 types of irradiation)
Ds(4)
VOF4
Ds(1,5)
Level by type of product
Bulkheads, linings, ceilings ≤ 200
Primary deck coverings ≤ 400
Floor coverings ≤ 500
- Floor composites, Non listed products
Ds max. (25 kW/m²) ≤ 600/300/150
- Seat upholstery
Ds max. (25 kW/m²) ≤ 300/300/200
- Interior vertical surfaces, Curtains and sunblind
Ds(4) (50 kW/m²) ≤ 600/300/150
VOF4 (50 kW/m²) ≤ 1200/600/300
- Flooring wall and ceiling lining and panels
≤ 100
≤ 200
Interior ceiling and wall panels, Partitions, Galley structures

3. SMOKE TOXICITY Synthesis
MARITIME
RAILWAY (EU)
RAILWAY (USA)
AIRCRAFT (USA/EU)
AIRCRAFT
Classification document
IMO / FTP Code 2010 EN EN
NFPA 130
FAR Part 25 / CS-25
ABD 0031 (Airbus)
BSS (Boeing)
Hazard levels
HL1 / HL2 / HL3
Test method
FTP Part 2 : EN ISO
ISO (FTIR)
EN Annex C
(EN ISO FTIR)
NF X
NF X
AITM (Airbus)
BSS 7239 (Boeing)
(ASTM E662+ Gases Analysis methods)
Testing configuration
Horizontal
Vertical
Test time
20 mn
10 mn
Irradiation
25 kW/m² with pilot flame and
25 kW/m² without pilot flame and
50 kW/m² without pilot flame
25 kW/m² with pilot flame
Furnace Temp. : 600°C
25 kW/m² without pilot flame
Measured parameters
Maximum individual concentration for 7 gases
CITG at 4 and 8mn
(global index for 8 gases, with a comparison between result and reference concentration )
CITNLP
Maximum individual concentration for 6 gases at 1,5 and 4mn
Level by type of product
CO ≤ 1450 ppm
HBr ≤ 600 ppm
HCl ≤ 600 ppm
HCN ≤ 140 ppm
HF ≤ 600 ppm / NOx ≤ 350 ppm
SO2 ≤ 120 ppm (200 ppm for floor coverings)
Floor composites, Seat upholstery
CITG 4 and 8
≤ 1,2/0,9/0,75
Interior vertical surfaces, Curtains and sunblind
CITG4 and 8
Interior seals, Non listed products
CO ≤ 3500 ppm
HCl ≤ 500 ppm
HCN ≤ 150 ppm
HF ≤ 200 ppm
NO/NO2 ≤ 100 ppm
SO2 ≤ 100 ppm

4. SMOKE DENSITY AND TOXICITY Definitions
Measured parameters
Ds max.: maximum specific optical density during the total test period
Ds(4): product’s specific optical density at the time t = 4 mins
Ds(1.5): product’s specific optical density at the time t = 1.5 mins
VOF4: modified integral of specific optical density over the first 4 mins
CITG: global indexs a toxicity for 8 gases, with a comparison between result and reference CITPNL: concentration
Hazard Levels
Railway vehicles are classified in accordance with the fire hazard level (HL) dependent on operation and design categories.
The three hazard levels are: HL1, HL2 and HL3 with HL1 being the lowest requirement and HL3 being the highest.

5. SMOKE DENSITY AND TOXICITY Conclusion
One apparatus with two different testing configuration : horizontal or vertical,
Differents irradiations, 25 or 50 kW/m², with or without pilot flame,
Two different test time :10 or 20 minutes,
For DENSITY differents measured parameters : Ds at time, Ds max, VOF with different time : 1,5 à 20 minutes,
For TOXICITY 2 differents approach : maximum concentration for each gas or global index
All these parameters have a significant influence on the result.
As it is difficult to determine an ideal configuration, I think it is better to work first on the spread of fire.