1. REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
Every species depends on it for survival!

2. Reproduction can be… Asexual
*think mitosis, one parent, genetically identical!
Sexual
*think meiosis, two parents, variation!

3. All organisms… Will have either asexual or sexual reproduction
Typically the less complex you are, the less variety you have (so asexual)
Typically the more complex you are, the more variation you have (so sexual reproduction)

4. Examples of different types of asexual reproduction
Binary fission (two equal cells)
*ameoba
Budding (unequal division)
*yeast
Spore formation
*fungus & mold
Budding (new individual on the parent)
*hydra & some plants

5. Examples of different types of sexual reproduction
Conjunction
*Swapping a small portion of genetic material (paramecium)
Fertilization
*Joining of two cells

6. Cloning A type of asexual reproduction
Individual is identical to one “parent”
Possible in some plants (cuttings) and animals that normally reproduce sexually

7. Donor Nucleus Fused Cell Egg Cell Embryo Cloned Lamb Foster Mother
A donor cell is taken from a sheep’s udder.
Donor Nucleus
These two cells are fused using an electric shock.
Fused Cell
The fused cell begins dividing normally.
Embryo
The embryo is placed in the uterus of a foster mother.
Foster Mother
The embryo develops normally into a lamb—Dolly
Cloned Lamb
Egg Cell
An egg cell is taken from an adult female sheep.
The nucleus of the egg cell is removed.

8. Mitosis No variation Occurs in all body cells
Required for growth & development & repair
Diploid to diploid
Genetic number never varies

9. Meiosis Creates variation (crossing over, four cells to choose from)
ONLY occurs in sex cells
Required for sexual reproduction
Diploid to haploid (monoploid)
Genetic number cut in half (needs to be in order for the number to be restored after fertilization)

10. Human Male System Testes – where sperm cells mature
Testosterone – hormone produced by testes

11. Plant male system Stamen – produces the mature sperm cell (poll)
Known as pollination

12. Human female system
Ovaries – where immature eggs are stored and mature
Estrogen & progesterone – hormone produced by the ovaries
Oviducts – where fertilization occurs
Uterus – where placenta and embryo develop

13. Plant female system
Pistal (stigma) – where fertilization occurs / at base is ovary
Embryo is surrounded by nutrients (fruit)

14. Development in plants
Pollination – fertilization - germination

15. Development in humans Gametogenesis – fertilization – zygote - embryo
Differentiation
Female hormonal / menstral cycle

16. The Menstrual Cycle
Section 39-3

17. Application of Reproductive Technology
Cloning
In Vitro techniques
Genetically altered plants
Endangered species “help”
Stem cell research
Chromosome screening