1. Organ system that transports materials to & from cells.
Circulatory System
Organ system that transports materials to & from cells.

2. Transport in Plants Cuticle – protects against water loss
Vascular tissue – Xylem & phloem
Root hairs – increase surface area for absorption of water & minerals
VD-S3 Ch.18 roots, , Geotropism #26246

3. Water Transport Cohesion of water molecules (H-bonding)
Capillary action – water moves up tubes
Transpiration – evaporation of water thru leaf stomates
Surface tension – water adheres together
Root diffusion pressure – pushes water in
Cohesion-Tension Theory

4. Food Transport Glucose concentration high in leaf cells
Glucose flows down thru phloem to lower concentrations.
Water moves from xylem to phloem increasing pressure in phloem
Glucose converted to starch in roots and stem for storage.
Pressure-Flow Theory

5. Open vs. Closed Circulatory Systems
Open circulatory system – no separation between blood and other intercellular fluid.
Closed circulatory system – blood confined to vessels.

6. Adaptations Protozoans Hydra Worms Crayfish Cytoplasmic streaming
Cilia in gastrovascular cavity
Worms
10 aortic arches & vessels
Crayfish
Open circulatory system

7. Vertebrate Circulation
Pump – heart
Fluid - blood
Vessels - arteries, capillaries, veins

8. Blood Vessels
Arteries –carry blood away from the heart Oxygen rich (red)blood.
Largest is aorta.
Capillary – connects arteries & veins.
One cell thick, Exchanges occur.
Vein – carries blood to the heart.
Oxygen poor (blue) blood.
Largest is Vena Cava.
Have one way Valves

10. Heart Structure
Pericardium – membrane surrounding the heart. Fluid lubricates the outer surface.
Cardiac muscle – beats on its own.
2 Sides to heart
Right side (oxygen poor blood)
Left side (oxygen rich blood)

11. Chambers 2 upper chambers 2 lower chambers
atria – receive blood coming into heart.
2 lower chambers
ventricles – pumps blood out of heart.
Valves – Makes blood flow in 1 direction.

12. Valves 4 valves Atrioventricular valve (A-V) –
between the atrium and ventrical
Tricuspid valve (right side)
Bicuspid valve (left side)
Semilunar valve (S-L) – at base of arteries

13. Vessels 2 Veins to heart 2 Arteries carry blood away
Vena Cava (blue blood) – Superior/Inferior
Pulmonary (red blood) – right/left
2 Arteries carry blood away
Pulmonary (blue blood) – to lungs
Aorta (red blood) – to rest of body

16. Circulation
Pulmonary circulation – vessels that carry blood ONLY to and from the lungs.
Systemic circulation – vessels that carry blood to all organs and tissues EXCEPT the lungs

18. How does the heart beat? Natural “Pacemaker”
S–A node (sinoatrial node) – cells at top of the right atrium initiate the heartbeat.
A-V Node (atrioventricular node) - passes on the impulse from the atria to the ventricle of the heart

19. Artificial Pacemaker
Small battery operated device that sends electrical impulses to the heart to help it beat properly

20. Blood pressure Pressure of blood inside the arteries.
Systolic – pressure of ventricals contracting
Diastolic – pressure of ventricals relaxed
Average adult = 120/80 (mm of Hg)

21. Functions of blood Transports nutrients and wastes Fight infections
Clot
Regulates body temperature
Maintains internal chemical state

22. Blood Components Plasma – 55% Cells – 45% Red Blood Cells
White Blood Cells
Platelets

23. Plasma Plasma – fluid part of the blood
90% H2O - transport, body temp, chem bal.
7% Proteins – various functions
60% Albumins – osmotic pressure
36% Globulins – alpha & beta carry fats, gamma globulins are antibodies
4% Clotting proteins – prothrombin & fibrinogen
3% Others – nutrients, wastes, hormones

24. Red Blood Cells (RBC’s)
Erythrocytes - 5 million per cc.
Hemoglobin – red pigment that binds O2
No nucleus or organelles.
Average lifespan – 120 days.
Produced in bone marrow.
Spleen – stores RBC & filters blood.

27. White Blood Cells (WBC’s)
Leukocytes – 7000 per cc
Contain nuclei and organelles
Help defend the body against diseases
Remove toxins, waste, & damaged or abnormal cells.
Produced in bone marrow

28. Neutrophils are usually first responders to bacterial infection; their activity and death in large numbers forms pus.

29. Eosinophils primarily deal with parasitic infections.

30. Basophils are responsible for allergic response by releasing histamine causing inflammation.

31. Monocytes present pieces of pathogens to T cells so that the pathogens may be recognized again and killed.

32. Lymphocytes are common in the lymphatic system: T-cells & B-cells

33. Platelets Thrombocytes – 200,000 per cc
Cell fragments produced in bone marrow.
Clot blood –protein fibers (fibrin) produced