1. and Other Considerations
Non-Normal Circuits
and Other Considerations
The Flight Training Manual - Sections 12 and 13
Add References

2. Objectives To continue circuit training
To recognise and safely manage non-normal situations which may occur in the circuit.
Go Around;
Repositioning in the circuit;
Flapless and Glide approach and landing;
Communications Failure;
Total Electrics Failure;
Rejected (Aborted) Takeoff; and,
Engine Failure After Takeoff (EFATO).

3. Aviate – Navigate – Communicate
Airmanship
Aviate – Navigate – Communicate
Carry-out a Pre-Takeoff safety brief for every takeoff.
When practicing I will state “Simulating”.
Checks:
Trouble Checks (if there is time)
Shutdown Checks (if there is time)
After Landing
Checks are not actually carried out, but are “Touch Checks”. Verbally state the check and touch the appropriate control (one finger).

4. Airmanship Dual Only Exercise No Passengers
I will advise ATC/traffic of the intention to carry out a simulated failure and that we are climbing again.
Dual Only Exercise
No Passengers

5. Human Factors Learn checklists Stress Avoid mindsets Use mnemonics
Pre-planning helps
Stress
Practice
Overlearning – automatic responses
Avoid mindsets
Pre-planning
Practise (with an instructor)
Currency

6. Priority of Actions Aviate - Fly the aircraft!!!
Navigate - Where are you going?
Communicate - Ask for help
Administrate - Checks etc.

7. Aeroplane Management Systems Management Loose objects
Be familiar with the aircraft systems, particularly the fuel system.
On the ground, operate the fuel cocks:
Changing tanks, plus ON and OFF
Loose objects
During the pre-flight remove or secure in the cabin.
Post flight take all your belongings and rubbish.
Throttle movements
Smooth
Avoid ramming to maximum on the Go Around
Listen to the sound of the aeroplane
What’s “Normal”?

8. Go Around / Overshoot
If for any reason the landing needs to be abandoned the pilot may elect or ATC may instruct a:
GO AROUND

9. Go Around / Overshoot Decide early!! Some reasons:
Too high, and/or fast;
Landing path blocked;
Flared too high and getting slow;
Bounced landing; or,
Windshear or wake turbulence.

10. Wake Turbulence
The disturbed air caused by a wing producing lift - spirals from wingtips.
Worst behind heavier aircraft, flying slowly at high angles of attack – I.e. during Takeoff and Landing.

11. If suspected or encountered
Wake Turbulence
Provide adequate separation between you and the aircraft (up to 3 minutes).
Avoid getting close behind/below heavier aircraft.
Fly upwind and above the approach path of the preceding heavy aircraft.
Land past the point the heavier aircraft’s nose wheel touched down. Runway length?
If suspected or encountered
Go Around

12. Aviate – Navigate – Communicate
Go Around / Overshoot
Aviate – Navigate – Communicate
A go-around is a Normal Procedure – not an emergency
Full Power – beware of pitch/yaw change
Carb Heat – OFF/COLD
Fly the nose up to the normal climb attitude
C152 67kt / PA38 70kt
Safe height, safe airspeed, +ve ROC – Raise flap in stages
Track clear of the runway
Continue climb out to normal crosswind turning point
Advise ATC/Traffic “Going Around”

13. Go Around / Overshoot
Power UP Nose UP Clean UP

14. Follow the Circuit Pattern for another approach
Go Around / Overshoot
Follow the Circuit Pattern for another approach

15. Repositioning - Orbiting
Procedure to provide spacing/separation with other traffic.
Usually carried out on the Downwind Leg
360 medium level turns outside the circuit pattern.
Direction will be indicated by ATC.
LOOKOUT – may conflict with traffic behind.
Avoid performing an orbit with flap extended at low- level (base or final). Go around.

16. Extending Upwind/Downwind
Another procedure to provide spacing/separation with other traffic.
Extend the Upwind/Downwind leg, and turn Crosswind/Base when sufficient spacing or as instructed.
Higher power setting and delayed flap selection
45

17. Repositioning
Used when there is a change of runway (opposite, crossing or parallel).
Can be done on any leg – usually Downwind.
Follow ATC instructions.
Opposite Runway – 180 degree turn mid to late Downwind
Crossing Runway – Adjust track to join at an appropriate position in the new circuit.
Parallel Runway – On final move left or right to establish for the new runway.

18. Repositioning - Opposite Runway

19. Repositioning - Crossing Runway

20. Low Level Circuit Reasons: Low Cloud Rapidly Approaching Weather
Traffic (ATC Instruction)
Quicker circuit to practice landings
Flown between normal circuit height and 500ft AGL.
Circuit is closer to the runway than normal.
While training, only done with an instructor.
Does not give you automatic right-of-way.

21. Dumb-Bell Turn
Another method of repositioning when there is a change of circuit direction
After take-off:
Climb out to a minimum of 500ft AGL,
Carryout a level turn away from the circuit,
Reverse the turn to reposition onto final for the opposite direction runway.

22. Flapless Approach / Landing
Circuit Emergencies
Flapless Approach / Landing

23. Planning Ahead, Considerations
Flapless Landing
Planning Ahead, Considerations
Fly the plane!!
Higher approach speed
Extend downwind?, reduced power setting
LOOKOUT!! other traffic, expect light signals

24. Flapless Landing Carb Heat HOT Set lower power setting than normal
Turn base leg
Trim for attitude of 70kts
Use power to control ROD / approach profile
Expect light signals
Land normally

25. Circuit Emergencies Flapless Approach / Landing
Considerations- Flapless Approach
Higher Stall Speed [Increase Approach Speed by 5 Kts]
Less Drag [Precise Speed Control Very Important – TRIM]
Higher Nose Attitude/Less Visibility
[5 Kt Speed Increase Helps to Offset]
Less Pronounced Flare
Tendency to “Float” (due less Drag)

26. Circuit Emergencies Flapless Approach / Landing Carb Heat On
Reduce Power (initially) to 1300 RPM
Set and Maintain (Nominated) Approach Speed
Trim
Use Power to Control Glide Path / ROD
Less Pronounced Flare – DON’T “OVER FLARE!!”
Keep Straight during Hold-off / Float

27. Circuit Emergencies
Glide Approach

28. Glide Approach
Used when we have an engine failure downwind or base in the circuit
Do NOT extend downwind
Real scenario if not going to reach runway?

29. Glide Approach Select touchdown aim point Carb Heat HOT
Turn towards runway immediately
Assess if your going to make it in, adjust track
When sure of making aim point, use flap to adjust touchdown point
Land normally

30. Communication Failure
Remain in circuit
Squawk 7600 (if possible)
Look for Green light from tower
Fly normal circuit
Land and vacate vector

31. Communications Failure
AVIATE, NAVIGATE, COMMUNICATE!!
Keep flying the aircraft around the circuit!
Maintain position in circuit
Check Volume control, Headset plugs
Transmit Blind
Squawk 7600
Tower light signals
Taxi Clear After Landing

33. Communications Failure
Circuit Emergencies
Communications Failure

34. Circuit Emergencies Communications Failure - General
In the event of a communications failure
“Aviate, Navigate, Communicate”
Check:-
Volume Control Set
Frequency Set
Headset Plugged in
Headset Selected on Audio Panel [Where Applicable]
Stay Clear of Controlled Airspace
Squawk 7600

35. Circuit Emergencies Communications Failure
Continue to Fly the Normal Circuit
Maintain your Circuit Traffic Position
Continue making Standard Radio Calls “Transmitting Blind”
Observe Light Signals
Land and Taxi Clear of Runway
Advise ATC

36. Circuit Emergencies
Electrical Failure

37. Circuit Emergencies Electrical Failure ALWAYS PLAN AHEAD!!
Flaps and Other Aircraft Systems may not be available.
Know the Systems that will be effected by an Electrical Failure on your aircraft type!!

38. Electrical Failure

39. Electrical Failure – Systems Effected
Circuit Emergencies
Electrical Failure – Systems Effected
Flap

40. Circuit Emergencies Electrical Failure
In the event of an electrical failure “Aviate, Navigate, Communicate”
Immediate Actions:- Fly the Aeroplane!!
Check
Master On
Alternator On
Reduce Electrical Load
Cycle Alternator Off/ On
Cycle Master Off / On
If problem Persists:-
Alternator Off
Master Off
Avionics Master Off (Where Fitted)

41. Circuit Emergencies Electrical Failure in Circuit
Continue to Fly the Normal Circuit
Maintain your Circuit Traffic Position
Continue making Standard Radio Calls “Transmitting Blind”
Observe Light Signals
Land and Taxi Clear of Runway [Flapless??]
Advise ATC

42. Electrical Failure Will also have communications failure
Know electrical systems, Flap and some other systems may not be available
Stall speed is higher flapless
Less Drag – Shallower approach, float in flare
Visibility – Nose attitude

43. Just flaps not working:
Electrical Failure
Problem Solving
Check master switch
Check circuit breakers
Just flaps not working:
Also recycle flap lever

44. Rejected Take-off
Accelerate/Stop distance is 2:1 ratio

45. Rejected Take-off Decide early!! Some reasons to reject the takeoff:
Too high, and/or fast
Landing path blocked
Flared too high and getting slow
Bounced landing
Windshear

46. Rejected Takeoff
Close throttle
Keep straight
Brake as required
Radio call - “(callsign) stopping”
Taxi clear as per ATC instructions

47. Cause and Prevention Cause Carb Ice Air Blockage Fuel Contamination
Fuel Starvation
Fuel Exhaustion
No Spark
Prevention
Be aware of temperature and humidity
Carb Heat HOT
Pre-flight Run-up
Carb Heat HOT – alternate air
Pre-flight Inspection
Water or solid particles in the fuel
Pre-flight fuel check and sample
Wrong tank selection (or OFF)
Fuel pump problems
Run out of fuel
Pre-flight planning and inspection
Pre-flight Inspection and run-up

48. Aborted Take-off (Before VR)
Early in the take-off roll check:
RPM – Full Power
Temperatures and Pressures – Normal
Airspeed – Alive
Sounds – OK
Anything wrong with the above, or
Runway Blocked
ATC Instruction
With runway available, abandon the take-off (Abort)

49. Aborted Take-off (Before VR)
Possible situations:
Low Oil Pressure
Low Power
Inoperative Airspeed Indicator
Open door
Loose objects
Accelerate/Stop distance is 2:1 ratio

50. Engine Failure After Take-off (EFATO)
Plan Ahead
Plan your EFATO actions for every take-off
Familiarise yourself with the local area
Identify the best landing site options surrounding the airfield, especially in the take-off directions
Considerations
Low Airspeed
Low altitude – limited time!
Limited landing site options
Wind direction
Traffic – parallel ops, beware of aircraft beside you, and joining downwind
NOTE: EXERCISE IS DUAL ONLY!!!

51. Engine Failure After Take-off (EFATO)
Landing Area Selection
Choose best available landing site within approximately +/- 30° of your heading (something within the windscreen).
Be aware of parallel operations
Use Small Bank Angles During any Turns
DO NOT TURN BACK TO THE AIRFIELD!!

52. Air Exercise – Aborted Take-off
Aviate
Close the Throttle
Navigate
Keep Straight,
Brake as required,
Back Pressure (weight off the nose wheel),
if required Turn into Wind, Ground Loop
Communicate
Advise ATC/Traffic – “(callsign) stopping”
Keep the Cabin Intact
Shutdown
Fuel Mixture Ignition Masters - Off
If no damage, follow ATC instructions

53. Aviate – Navigate – Communicate
Air Exercise – EFATO
Aviate – Navigate – Communicate
Aviate:
Lower the nose – C152 60kt, PA38 70kts
Close the throttle
Carb Heat – HOT/ON
Navigate:
Choose landing site
Sufficient runway ahead – Select Full Flap and land
Insufficient runway
Pick a Paddock (in the windscreen)
Flap as required – Doors Unlock
Land into wind and keep Cabin Intact
Communicate:
Tell ATC/Traffic – MAYDAY / 7700

54. Air Exercise – Trouble Checks
F M I
If there is time
F Fuel Pump – ON
Fuel Selector – ON
Change Tanks (touch)
Contents – Check
M Mixture – Rich
Carb Heat – ON/HOT
Primer – LOCKED
I Ignition – BOTH
Try LEFT and RIGHT (touch)

55. Air Exercise – Shut-Down Checks
F M I M
If there is time
F Fuel OFF (Pump and Selector)
M Mixture IDLE CUT-OFF
I Ignition OFF
M Master OFF (after Full Flap and MAYDAY)
After Landing
Fuel, Mixture, Ignition, Masters Off
Secure and Evacuate Aircraft
Consider ELT
Stay with aircraft, unless in close to a phone

56. Engine Failure After Takeoff (EFATO)
M – masters off