1. Chemistry of Life…continued

2. Mixture and Solutions
When elements combine to form a compound, the elements no longer have their original properties.
A mixture is a combination of substance in which the individual components retain their properties. Ex: Sand and sugar

3. A solution is mixture in which one or more substances (solute) are distributed evenly in another substance (solvent) Ex: Kool-aid
*The concentration of solute is important to organisms
A suspension is a mixture of water and nondissolved materials

4. Acids and Bases
Chemical reactions can occur only when conditions are right; they depend on the pH of the environment
pH is a measure of how acid or basic (alkaline) a solution is
A scale with values ranging from 0 to 14 is used to measure pH

5. H+ OH- ACID is any substance that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in water.
Ex: HCl (H+) and (Cl-) has a pH of below 7
BASE is any substance that forms hydroxide ions (OH-) in water.
Ex: NaOH (Na+) & (OH-) has a pH above 7

6. Buffers=dissolved compounds that control pH in the body;
they are weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp sudden changes in pH.

7. Importance of Acids and Bases to Biological Systems
Chemical reactions in organisms depend on the pH of the environment
Ex: Pepsidase is an enzyme that works best in the acidic human stomach

8. Organism A__________
Organism B
4.5
10.5
0-8
6.5-14
Certain organisms require a certain pH environment for optimum (best) growth

9. Life Substances
Organic compounds are derived from living things and contain Carbon, must have Carbon and Hydrogen to be organic
Inorganic compounds are derived from nonliving things (ex: Water, Carbon Dioxide)

10. Carbon compounds: easily form 4 covalent bonds to create chains , rings, or branches

11. Polymerization: when a large compound (polymer) is produced from smaller compounds (monomers) as the smaller compounds are joined together.
Macromolecules: large polymers

12. Hydrolysis to split, water is added
Condensation Reaction (dehydration synthesis) to make or build, water is produced
Hydrolysis to split, water is added

13. 3. 4 Major Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

14. Carbohydrates
Composed of C (Carbon), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O) in approximate ratio 1:2:1

15. GLUCOSE-Produced by plants through photosynthesis
Monosaccharide: single (simple) sugar Molecular formula for all 3: C6H12O6
GLUCOSE-Produced by plants through photosynthesis
FRUCTOSE-found in fruits
GALACTOSE-found in milk

16. Disaccharides formed by 2 sugars C12H22O11
Sucrose = glucose + Fructose
Maltose = glucose + Glucose
Lactose = glucose + Galactose

17. Polysaccharides formed by more than 2 sugars
Starch-storage for plants
Glycogen-storage for animals (liver)
Cellulose-cell wall of plants
Chitin=cell wall of fungi

18. What makes them different from one another is the arrangement of the individual atoms (structural formulas)
Isomers – compounds that differ in structure but nor in molecular composition

19. Synthesis of Dissachharides
Glucose
Fructose
Sucrose
Water + + + +
C12H22O6 +
H2O
C6H12O6
C6H12O6 +
* Dehydration synthesis-water is squeezed out

20. Hydrolysis of Disaccharide
Sucrose
Water
Glucose
Fructose + + + +
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
C12H22O6
H2O + +
* Hydrolysis-water is added

21. Lipids: Fatty Compounds
Made of C, H, O w/ a greater # in C:H atoms and a smaller # of O atoms than carbohydrates (No uniform Ratio)
Ex: fats, oils, waxes (do Not dissolve in water)

22. Many common lipids are constructed of a unit of:
Glycerol (3-Carbon Alcohol) combined by dehydration synthesis
3 fatty acids-hydrocarbon chain with an Carboxyl Group -COOH

23. 3 fatty acids-hydrocarbon chain with an Carboxyl Group -COOH
Hydrophilic End (water loving-carboxyl end that is polar)
Hydrophobic End (water fearing-hydrocarbon end that is nonpolar)

24. Functions: forms much of cell membrane to serve as a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell – energy storage for cells
Ex: waxes, triglycerides

25. Proteins: Organic Compounds made of C, H, O, N
Polymer made of amino acids (monomers); organisms have thousands of proteins

26. Amino Acids: 20 different kinds that form proteins-has 5 Groups:
Central C atom
Single H atom
Carboxyl Group (COOH)
Amine Group (NH2)
R Group (repeating CH2 + CH2 of different lengths)

27. Dipeptide: 2 amino acids bound together covalently by condensation reaction (a molecule of H2O is lost)-held together by peptide bonds b) a) c) d) e)
Amino acid
Amino acid
Water
Dipeptide

28. A long chain of amino acids held together by peptide bonds
Polypeptide:
A long chain of amino acids held together by peptide bonds
Ex of Proteins: Insulin (hormone), hemoglobin, and enzymes

29. 2 important types of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA
Nucleic Acids: complex organic molecules that store important information in the cell
2 important types of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): stores essential info for almost all cell activities-including cell division
RNA (ribonucleic acid): stores and transfers info for proteins

30. Phosphate Group Five-Carbon Sugar Nitrogen Base (ring)
Nucleotides: monomers that make up both DNA & RNA-made up of 3 main components:
Phosphate Group
Five-Carbon Sugar
Nitrogen Base (ring)