1. INTRODUCING
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

2. LETS GO BACK

3. Physiology – an old science
Hippocrates – four humors
Black bile – pensive, sentimental
Yellow bile – short temper, ambitious
Blood- courageous, hopeful
Phlegm – calm, unemotional

4. Fast forward to the Renaissance

5. 17th & 18th Centuries
Certified anatomists were allowed to perform tightly regulated dissections
Open to the public!
But...the science went a little rogue when grave robbers would steal dead bodies to perform exploratory anatomical research
Anatomy Act of 1832 – Britain provided students with corpses in the form of executed criminals

6. Today we use cadavers…and it’s legal. Yay!

7. This is what you’ll be using…

8. What is it?
Anatomy – study of the structure and relationship between body parts. AKA the “what it does and where it is”
Physiology = study of the function of the body as a whole. AKA the ”how it works”
Main points to consider
Feedback control
Homeostasis

9. Homeostasis Internal consistency or balance
Achieved via feedback mechanisms
Positive feedback – action of effectors amplifies changes that stimulated the effectors
Negative feedback – action of effectors diminishes changes that stimulated the effectors

10. Negative Feedback
Temperature
Insulin
Blood cell production

11. Positive Feedback Blood clotting
Contraction of uterus during childbirth via oxytocin

12. Let’s talk about the “mumbo jumbo”
Why have specific terminology?

13. Anatomical Position
The “anatomical position” is the reference position in anatomical study

14. Anatomy Terms Superior vs. Inferior Anterior vs. Posterior
Describes vertical position
Superior is “above”, and inferior is “below”
Anterior vs. Posterior
Describes front and back
Dorsal vs. Ventral
Also describes front back
Think a shark’s DORSAL fin
Ventral is the belly side
Cranial vs. Caudal
Cranial is direction towards the head
Caudal is direction towards the feet
Medial vs. Lateral
With respect to the midline
Medial  closer to the midline
Lateral  away from the midline
Proximal vs. Distal
Describes how close one structure is from its point of attachment

15. The Quadrants

16. Abdominopelvic Regions

17. Planes and Sections Transverse Sagittal Frontal or Coronal
Perpendicular to the vertical orientation
Called “cross sections” because they go ACROSS the body
Sagittal
Divides the body or organ into right and left portions
Midsagittal – divides evenly
Parasagittal – divides almost evenly
Frontal or Coronal
Separates anterior and posterior

19. Body Cavities Internal spaces that house the internal organs
Cranial Cavity
Encloses the brain
Spinal Cavity
Passes through the vertebral column
Ventral Body Cavity (Coelom)
Thoracic Cavity
2 Pleural Cavities (each cavity contains one lung)
Pericardial Cavity (contains the heart)
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Abdominal Cavity (contains the digestive organs)  encased in peritoneum **except the kidneys which are RETROperitoneal, located outside

20. Visceral vs Parietal Membranes
Serous membrane forms a two layer lining of all the internal organs
In between these two layers, is a serous fluid that helps reduce friction between the organs