1. Views of Animal Phylogeny

2. Ernst Heinrich Phillipp August Haeckel (1834-1919; Germany)

3. Hyman 1951
Libbie Hyman
University of Chicago

4. Margulis and Schwartz 1987
Lynn Margulis
U Mass Amherst

5. Nielsen (2001)
Claus Nielsen, Denmark

6. Richard C. Brusca (University of Arizona) and Gary J
Richard C. Brusca (University of Arizona) and Gary J. Brusca (Humboldt State University)
2003

7. Kenneth M. Halanych (2004) Auburn
traditional
recent

8. Greg Edgecomb et al. (2011)
Natural History Museum, London

9. Joseph Ryan, Whitney Lab, University of Florida
Tree produced by maximum-likelihood analysis of the EST Set. The tree was produced from a matrix consisting of 242 genes and 104,840 amino acid characters.
Joseph Ryan, Whitney Lab, University of Florida
Tree produced by maximum-likelihood analysis of the EST Set.The tree was produced from a matrix consisting of 242 genes and 104,840 amino acid characters. Circles on nodes indicate 100% bootstrap support. Support placing ctenophores as sister to the rest of Metazoa is 96% of 100 bootstrap replicates.
J F Ryan et al. Science 2013;342:
Published by AAAS

10. Hypotheses of deepest branches in the animal tree

11. Jekely et al. 2015 Gaspar Jekely Max Planck Institute
For Developmental
Biology, Tübingen,
Germany

12. University of Geoscience Beijing, China
Fig. 3 Idealized three-dimensional models of Cambrian skeletonized ctenophores.
Qiang Ou
University of Geoscience Beijing, China
Idealized three-dimensional models of Cambrian skeletonized ctenophores. (A to C) Side views of Gemmactena actinala gen. et sp. nov, Batofasciculus ramificans, and Thaumactena ensis gen. et sp. nov., respectively. (A′ to C′) Oblique aboral views corresponding to (A) to (C).
Qiang Ou et al. Sci Adv 2015;1:e
Published by AAAS

13. Fig. 4 Phylogenetic relationship of fossil and extant ctenophores based on a comprehensive cladistic analysis (tables S2 and S3).
Phylogenetic relationship of fossil and extant ctenophores based on a comprehensive cladistic analysis (tables S2 and S3). The skeletonized ctenophores from the Chengjiang biota form a clade here described as the new class Scleroctenophora. The cladogram is a strict consensus of the three most parsimonious trees. Apomorphies (character number and state above and below nodes, respectively) are mapped on the cladogram. Tree length = 53; consistency index = ; retention index = ; rescaled consistency index = Illustrated taxa are marked in bold.
Qiang Ou et al. Sci Adv 2015;1:e
Published by AAAS

14. Telford et al. 2015
Max Telford
University College London

15. Pisani et al. 2015
Davide Pisani,
University of Bristol

16. Whelan et al. 2015
Nathan Whelan
Auburn University

17. Shuhai Xiao, Virginia Tech Marc LaFlamme, University of Toronto
Modular Ediacara fossils. (A) Three incomplete specimens of the erniettomorph fossil Pteridiniumcomposed of tubular modular units. (B) Pteridinium with nine modular units (right side of fossil). (C) Erniettomorph Ernietta with module infilling. (D) Magnified section of the specimen in the boxed section in C, with arrows highlighting sediment infill. (E) Rangeomorph fossil Rangea with fractal modules (bracket on the right). (F) Rangea with three primary fractal modules (large modules on the left) and three smaller subsidiary modules tucked in between the larger modules. (G) Rangeomorph Fractofususwith 16 fractal modules on either side of the longitudinal midline. Bracket displaying one module. G is provided by G.M. Narbonne. (Scale bar: 1 cm.)
Xiao and Laflamme (2009)