1. Angiosperm origins and relationships of major lineages

2. Vessels and tracheids

3. Companion cells

4. Pollen
columellae

5. Carpel and integuments

6. Fertilisation

7. Development of Fruits

9. Cycads

10. Conifers

11. Ginkgos

12. Gnetaceae

13. Bennettitales

15. Archaefructus

16. The oldest angiosperm

17. Early lineages (i)

18. Early lineages (ii)
Chloranthaceae
Piperaceae

19. Earliest Angiosperms Perennial Evergreen Woody
Vascular bundles in a ring,
Vessel-less wood
Alternate, simple, coriaceous leaves with entire or sparsely-toothed margins
Lacking stipules
Lacking ethereal oils

20. Earliest Flowers Insect-pollinated Radially symmetrical
Several - many tepals, spirally-arranged, free and distinct
Bisexual
Stamens poorly differentiated into anther and filament
Anthers with four microsporangia opening by longitudinal slits
Superior ovaries
Pollen monosulcate and often lacking well-developed columellae
Carpels fused by secretion, with an elongated stigma and a style poorly differentiated from ovary.
Placentation marginal

21. Dicotyledons Monocotyledons Embryo with 2 cotyledons
Primary root persistent
Herbs, shrubs or trees
Stele cylindrical
Pollen tricolpate
Monocotyledons
Embryo with 1 cotyledon
Primary root replaced by adventitious roots
Mostly herbs
Vascular bundles scattered
Pollen monocolpate

22. Monocolpate and Tricolpate

23. Anomalous Dicots Flowers in 3’s or with numerous parts
Poorly differentiated anthers
Poorly developed styles and elongate stigmas
Pollen monocolpate or inaperturate
Ethereal oils in vegetative parts

24. Magnoliaceae

25. Lauraceae

26. Piperaceae

27. Nymphaceae

28. A summary of the major groups that occurred in greater than 50% of the 1000 jackknife replicates (from Soltis et al. 2000).

31. ANITA Amborellaceae Nymphaceae Illiciaceae Trimeniaceae
Austrobaileyaceae

32. MAGNOLIIDS Chloranthaceae Magnoliaceae Annonaceae Myristicaceae
Lauraceae
Piperaceae
Aristolochiaceae
Ceratophyllaceae

34. Amborellaceae
New Caledonia

35. Amborella trichopoda

36. Amborella trichopoda Shrubby Lacks vessels No ethereal oils
Radial flowers with 7-11 tepals
Dioecious
Ascidiate carpels

37. Nymphaceae
Victoria amazonica

38. Nymphaceae

40. Austrobaileyales llliciaceae

41. Austrobaileyales Trimeniaceae

42. Austrobaileyales Austrobaileyaceae

44. Chloranthaceae

46. Piperaceae

48. Aristolochiaceae

50. Lauraceae

53. Magnoliaceae

55. Annonaceae

57. Myrtisticaceae

60. Ceratophyllaceae

61. Basal Angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Basal Eudicots
Rosids
Asterids

62. Monocot autapomorphies
Embryo with 1 cotyledon
Vascular bundles scattered
Primary root replaced by adventitious roots
Leaves with parallel venation and sheathing bases
Herbaceous habit
DNA sequences

63. Basal Angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Basal Eudicots
Rosids
Asterids

64. Eudicot autapomorphies
Tricolpate pollen
Sequences from rbcL, atpB, 18S rDNA
Floral parts in whorls
Slender filaments

65. Basal Angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Basal Eudicots
Rosids
Asterids

66. Core Eudicots autapomorphies
Sequences from rbcL, atpB, 18S
4- or 5-merous flowers with calyx and corolla
Placentation usually axile

67. Basal Angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Basal Eudicots
Rosids
Asterids

68. Eurosids autapomorphies
Sequences from rbcL, atpB, matK, 18S
Nitrogen fixers in clade of Fabales, Rosales, Cucurbitales and Fagales

69. Basal Angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Basal Eudicots
Rosids
Asterids

70. Asterids autapomorphies
Sequences from rbcL, atpB, matK, ndhF 18S
Ovules with a single integument

71. Basal Angiosperms
Monocots
Eudicots
Basal Eudicots
Rosids
Asterids

72. Core Asterids autapomorphies
Sympetalous corolla
Number of petals = number of stamens
Epipetalous stamens
Gynoecium of 2 fused carpels
DNA sequences