1. ROBBERY, RECIDIVISM, AND THE LIMITS OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
Richard
Richard Wright, William J. Sabol, & Thaddeus L. Johnson

2. ROBBERY IS DIFFERENT… More likely to involve strangers
More likely to be interracial
It’s about taking something, not expressing something
Richard

3. What can the criminal justice system realistically do to keep offenders who have served time for robbery from returning to prison?
Richard

4. I grew up with shootin’ and fightin’ all over
I grew up with shootin’ and fightin’ all over. You grew up with books and shit. Where I’m from, you never know if you gonna live one minute to the next. It’s like a war out there. People die every day. You can go to sleep and hear gunshots all night, man, all night. Bullets be lying in the street in the morning. Ambulances and police cars steady ridin’ through my neighborhood, man.
Richard

5. Just get high, get high. I just blow money
Just get high, get high. I just blow money. Money is not something that is going to achieve for nobody, you know what I’m saying? So every day there’s not a promise that there’ll be another one, so I just spend it, you know what I’m saying? It ain’t mine, you know what I’m saying? I just got it, it’s just in my possession. It’s a lot of fun.
Richard

6. Just got the money to blow, so fuck it, blow it on whatever, it don’t even matter. Whatever you see, you get it. Fuck it. Spend that shit.… Easy come, easy go…. I ain’t trying to think about keeping anything.
Richard

7. The Etiological Cycle of Robbery
Financial Desperation
Robbery
Cash
Intensive Partying
Background Risk Factors
Participation in Streetlife
Richard

8. The risk of getting caught is just a reality. I know it’s a possibility. But I try not to think about that because if I dwell on it too much I may talk myself or scare myself out of doing the robbery.
Richard

9. The Etiological Cycle of Robbery
Financial Desperation
Robbery
Cash
Intensive Partying
Background Risk Factors
Participation in Streetlife
Richard

10. RECIDIVISM MEETS REALITY
How do you reintegrate those who were not – and never have been – integrated to begin with?
Richard

11. FIRST DO NO HARM Steps toward inclusion:
Role of LE - take ex-convicts seriously as crime victims (e.g., sex workers)
Role of Community Corrections - less supervision
Bill

12. FIRST DO NO HARM Conflicts between enforcement & inclusion:
Duel responsibility of LE (enforcement vs. relationship building)
Fear of warrants
Confidence in LE
Street code
Bill

13. Enforcement Focus of the CJS
Robbery rates have fallen considerably from their early 1990s peak.
Robbery arrests per offense trend upward.
Robbery admissions per arrest trend upward.
Bill

14. Decline in robbery
Bill

15. Enforcement and Sentencing
Number of robbery offenses and arrest per offense,
Robbery enforcement ratios: Arrests to offenses and new court commitments to adult arrests,
Bill

16. Enforcement Focus of the CJS
Scale of robbery incarceration doubled.
Over three decades, no evidence of change in recidivism of robbery offenders.
CJS’s history of enhanced enforcement indicative of its role as an institution of social exclusion.
Bill