1. Enlightenment
EQ: How did the Enlightenment encourage rational thought and further ideas of democratic values?

2. From the past we learned
Renaissance: Individualism the right importance of the individual and therefore, his rights as a citizen
Reformation: Relativism different beliefs, cultures, ideas, values have equal merit and therefore, laws must be designed to protect all citizens’ rights
Scientific Revolution: Rationalism the power of reason could lead us to truth and therefore, improve human life (progress)

3. State of Nature: to live without political systems
Enlightenment
How to make (hu)mankind happy, rational and free, right now in this lifetime?
State of Nature: to live without political systems
No political association means no????

4. English Philosophers Hobbes Locke
Desire for power and the fear of other men the ultimate motivator of (hu)man behavior
Selfish and competitive
Concerned with self-preservation
State: Need authoritative ruler
All man is endowed with same natural laws: LLP
Therefore, people could live together peacefully, equally in LLP
State: protect right’s of people

5. Debate Questions Why would human nature be a topic of discussion?
Why would this be important for developing a concept for an ideal form of government?
What role does environment play in creating our point of view? (Hobbes English Civil War vs. Locke Glorious Revolution)

6. Philosophes Three Basic Tenants
Human Society is governed by Natural Laws
These Natural Laws can be discovered by rational men
Human society can turn from traditional, authoritarian forms, and progress toward a more perfect government through rational thought.

7. Natural Law
Natural: universal and therefore applying to all (hu)mankind; occurring in nature; without influence from god/deity or mankind; not determined by god or mankind
Law: rules based on what is morally (individually) and ethically (socially) “right”, by using rational thought. Choosing good vs. bad; right vs. wrong
Universal standards within a society based on morality and ethics
Therefore: civil laws become civil rights & are granted to all by nature and based upon morality and ethics

8. Voltaire: Mary Wollstonecraft: Cesare Beccaria: Tolerance Freedom
Religious Freedom
Think for yourself and allow others to do the same…
Mary Wollstonecraft:
Progress for women
Education for women
Women are capable, competent, and important contributors to society
Cesare Beccaria:
Laws were to keep order, not punitive
No extensive abuse or torture
Degree of punishment should match degree of crime committed

9. WHAT WOULD THEY SAY??