1. MAIN (Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism) leads to War

2. Consider… Do you think it is a good thing to love your nation?
Why or Why not?
Do you think there is such a thing as loving your nation too much? What might be some negative consequences of this? (Hint: Consider the Cartoon)
What unites people of the same nation? What do people in a nation have in common?

3. 2 General Types of Nationalism
Nationalism: Intense devotion to one’s nation, and the belief that one country is superior to all others.
2 General Types of Nationalism
Civic nationalism– Based on the idea that citizens are loyal to a nation because of the rights that nation has provided them and their ideology
Ethnic nationalism—Based on the idea that citizens are loyal to a nation because that nation represents their specific ethnic group or share a similar background

4. German Nationalism
Germany used to be many small warring states; with Prussia being the stronger dominant state
Germany as it is today

5. German Kingdoms, 1871

6. Kaiser Wilhelm I, Emperor of the German Empire
German Nationalism
In 1871, the German states (minus Austria) unite to become the German Empire
German leaders were looking for ways to prove the Empire’s greatness and to unify
Otto von Bismarck, 1st Chancellor of the German Empire
Kaiser Wilhelm I, Emperor of the German Empire

7. By 1914

8. French Nationalism
The French have had a strong sense of nationalism and identity for a while
Ex. French Revolution, Napoleon, wine & cheese, etc.
France as it is today

9. French Nationalism
In 1871, Prussia defeats France in the Franco-Prussian War
Prussia takes Alsace-Lorraine (a territory that is ethnically/culturally French)
Some good wine comes from there!

11. French Nationalism
Regaining Alsace-Lorraine from Germany becomes a matter of national pride for the French

12. Serbian Nationalism
Due to the Russo-Turkish War, Serbia gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1878
Serbia had a strong sense of ethnic-nationalism (Serbia for Serbs)

13. What ethnic similarities do Serbians and Bosnians (BA) share?

14. Serbian Nationalism
The Austria-Hungarian Empire had control of Bosnia.
Many Bosnians were ETHNICALLY Serbs
Serbian nationalists want to take Bosnia from Austria-Hungary to reunite Bosnian Serbs with Serbia

15. Imperialism
Imperialism: The political or economic domination of one country over another country.
Why would nationalism lead to imperialism?
Possession of overseas empires becomes the proof of a nation’s power and greatness in Europe.
Colonies also provide resources for industrialization
In other words, nations want to prove their power by controlling other nations.

16. Imperialism in Africa The Scramble for Africa
Economy of African kingdoms ruined after the bans on slavery
Kingdoms were underdeveloped and weren’t ready for European invaders with new weapons technology
Berlin Conference ( )
13 European countries decide how to colonize the African continent

17. Imperialism in Africa
Great Britain has an enormous empire in Africa and Asia.
France had a huge African Empire
German leaders want what Great Britain and France have… and they are increasingly willing to fight for it!

18. Imperialism in Asia The Qing Dynasty of China was weakened
Various rebellions (White Lotus Rebellion, Taiping Rebellion, Boxer Rebellion)
Introduction of the drug opium, brought by the British, becomes an epidemic
Opium Wars ( )
The destruction of British opium in China start two wars; China will lose both
As a consequence, China’s ports become open and certain areas come under foreign control
Port of Hong Kong leased to Britain for 99 years

19. Imperialism in China

20. Kiautschou [Jiaozhou] Bay Concession (1898-1914)
In 1897, two German missionaries were murdered in western Shandong
Germany sent it’s naval force and occupied Schantung [Shandong]
Established Tsingtao (Qingdao) as the main port city
Lease of area for 99 years (until 1997, like Hong Kong) to Germany

21. Imperialism in Asia
Japan’s Tokugawa government did not allow trade with any country except the Dutch
In 1853, Admiral Matthew Perry from the US sent warships to the port of Edo [Tokyo]
Japan opened ports for Japan with lowered tariffs, extraterritoriality (freedom for foreigners to travel unrestricted) to US, Britain, Russia, and others
Japan recognized its weakness and changed it’s society to follow western trends to industrialize
The Meiji government comes to power in 1868 to “restore” Japanese power

23. Militarism
Militarism: to glorify the military and invest heavily in strengthening armed forces.
Germany begins to ready itself for the possibility of war
Builds up the largest standing army in the world (over 2 million soldiers)
Builds the largest and deadliest collection of guns.
Builds war ships (navy) in preparation for possible war with Great Britain.
Great Britain reacts by building more war ships (navy)
France and Russia react by building up their armies.

26. Nations form Alliances
Why do you think that nations began to form alliances at this point?

27. Think about it… A fight breaks out in the cafeteria between your friend and a classmate you don’t like who insulted you in the past
How do you react? Why?
Turn away and leave because the fight does not concern you and getting involved will only mean trouble.
Convince a couple of friends to help you separate the two students before they hurt each other.
Get in the fight on your friend’s side and punch out the person who had insulted you

28. Think about it (continued)
Which of the following foreign policy best represents your reaction to the cafeteria fight?
Neutrality/Isolation: Strict non-involvement in the affairs of other nations.
Internationalism: A policy of cooperation among all nations, especially in politics and economic matters.
Forming Alliances: Agreements between two nations to protect each other in case of threat of war

29. Alliances
Alliances: Agreements between two nations to protect each other in case of threat of war
As the threat of war increased, nations developed alliances. European nations signed treaties agreeing to protect each other if any other country tries to declare war on them.
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Triple Entente: France, Russia, and Great Britain

31. Causes of WWI Militarism: Alliances: Nationalism: Imperialism:
to glorify the military and invest heavily in strengthening armed forces.
Alliances:
Agreements between two nations to protect each other in case of threat of war
Imperialism:
The political or economic domination of one country over another country.
Nationalism:
Intense devotion to one’s nation, and the belief that one country is superior to all others

32. Trigger: ASSASSINATION of Archduke Francis Ferdinand
Remember: Serbian Nationalists believed that Austria-Hungary should give up Bosnia, because it contained a large population of Serbians
A Bosnian-Serb nationalist named Gavrilo Princip shoots and kills Austria-Hungarian Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife.
(Note: He wasn’t from SERBIA, he was from BOSNIA)

33. Trigger: Austria-Hungary Reacts to Assassination
On July 23, 1914, Austria-Hungary presented Serbia with an ultimatum in reaction to the assassination, and gives only 48 hours for Serbia to agree to ALL demands… OR ELSE!!
Serbia replied to the Austria-Hungarian demands with a peaceful no, stating that Serbia wished the conflict to be resolved by the international Tribunal at the Hague.
This offer was rejected, and on July 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.
Germany is Austria-Hungary’s ally. What should Germany do?

34. Think about it…
Should you always support a friend no matter what they do? Why or why not?
Was Austria-Hungary justified in declaring war against Serbia?
Germany was Austria-Hungary’s ally. What should Germany have done?

35. Alliances lead to World War I
Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia in July 28, 1914
Russia (Serbia’s ally) declares war on Austria-Hungary.
Germany (Austria-Hungary’s ally) declares war on Russia.
France (Russia’s ally) declares war on Germany
Germany declares war on Belgium (a neutral country) in order to more effectively attack France.
Great Britain (an ally of France and Belgium) declares war on Germany.