1. Unit Focus: How does trade affect culture
Unit Focus: How does trade affect culture? Aim: How did the Hebrews revolutionize the history of the world?

2. “I am Yahweh, and there is no other
“I am Yahweh, and there is no other. I form light and create darkness, I make peace and create evil. I, Yahweh, am the maker of all these things.” (Isaiah 45:6-7)
The Merneptah Stele
(1208 BCE)

3. Origins of Judaism
Developed in Middle East in the region known as “Palestine”
This is the contemporary country known as Israel.

5. Abraham’s Journey c.1900 BCE As famine strikes, Abraham travels to Egypt

6. Abraham’s Covenant with God: God will reward Abraham and descendants if they remain faithful to only one God.

7. The Exodus
Moses led the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt (Passover celebrates this event today)
Atop of Mt. Sinai, Moses is said to have received the 10 Commandments, in a covenant with God.

8. What was the purpose of the 10 Commandments?
To tell people to remain faithful to the one true God.
To set a moral code instructing followers how to behave and treat one another.

9. Kingdom of Israel Site of: Founded circa1020 BCE
Today, many Jews make pilgrimages to the Second Jewish temple built by Herod the Great in 516 BCE. It stood until 70 CE when it was destroyed by the Romans.
Site of:
1. Original covenant with God.
2. King Solomon- built the great temple in Jerusalem circa 832 BCE, which housed the Ten Commandments.

10. Summary Question: 1. How does Moses make his tea? Hebrews it!
2. How was monotheism an idea that impacted the history of the world?

11. NBC News Jesus' Tomb NatGeo Jesus' Tomb

12. The Romans divided their expansive empire into “Provinces” led by governors who reported back to Rome.
Bureaucracy: A system of departments and agencies formed to carry out the work of government.  
Judea, the province that contained the city of Jerusalem, holy to Jews and the region of Jesus of Nazareth’s birth, teachings, and crucifixion.

13. Reconstruction of the walled city Jerusalem and the Jewish Temple at the center- the Holiest site in Judaism.

14. The Western Wall, modern day Israel Kingdom of Israel (1020-922 BCE)

15. Jesus is born in Bethlehem, a town in the Roman
province of Judea, outside the city of Jerusalem.
Jesus was born into a Jewish family, observed Jewish law, and emphasized the 10 Commandments Jews believe were handed down from the Hebrew God to Moses.
He became a part of growing movement of Jewish Zealots: a religious fanatics that sought to incite the people of the Judea Prince to rebel against the Roman Empire and expel it from the “Holy Land.”
Claimed to be the Son of God that had come from Heaven to bring about the Kingdom of God. However, preached a simple message that appealed to the poor and to women:
All believers promised eternal life after death.
“Love thy neighbor as thyself”
“Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the Kingdom of Heaven.”
4. The Gospels- The first four books of the New Testament. Much of what scholars know about Jesus is based off of what was written in the Gospels. However these accounts were written decades after Jesus’ death. Does this affect their credibility?

16. From the Roman point of view:
Jesus was a revolutionary that disrupted Roman law and order in Rome’s provinces;
Jesus undermined the Roman religion, and therefore Roman cultural values.
Jesus undermined the legitimacy of Roman emperors.

17. Christians were fiercely persecuted by Roman governors and emperors in the first century CE

20. Even though Christianity is an Abrahamic faith, meaning it derived from Abraham (Judaism, Christianity, Islam), Christianity shared my characteristics with Judaism:
Both are monotheistic.
Both follow the Ten Commandments.
Both believe Jerusalem is a holy city.
Reasoning:
Jesus was born into a Jewish family.

22. 1. How is Islam portrayed in the Western media?
Aim: How closely is Islam connected to Judaism and Christianity?
Focus Questions:
1. How is Islam portrayed in the Western media?
2. What do you think are the contributing factors for the perceptions and misperceptions
about Islam?   
3. What steps can be taken to present a more accurate image of Islam and Islamic
civilization?

23. I.S.L.A.M.I.C. The Beliefs of Islam
Islam means “submission to the will of God.”
Muslims are “people who submit to the will of God.”
I.S.L.A.M.I.C.

24. I.
Islam’s Sacred Text
The Quran (Koran) – contains the sacred word of God as revealed to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel. .

26. tarted in the Middle East

27. S.
Sunni and Shi’a
Division in Islam over who would lead the faith after the Prophet’s death.
In 632 CE, Abu-Bakr became the first caliph. The next three Muslim caliphs were elected, however a split emerged among the Muslim community.
Soon Muslims were divided into two sects:
Sunni’s: who believe that Muslim rulers should follow Muhammad’s example and could be elected. Today, 83% of Muslims worldwide are Sunni.
Shi’ites (members of the Shi’a sect): believe that all Muslim rulers should be descended from Muhammad.
This division has lasted for more than 1300 years and still exists today.

28. A question of succession
Sunni vs. Shi’a
A question of succession
Similar to?

29. L. Laws : The 5 Pillars of Islam
The hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca
Proclamation of Faith: There is one god and Muhammad is his prophet
Giving alms to the poor
Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan
Prayer 5 times a day facing Mecca
Sharia Law: Based on the Qur'an, and the Hadith: accounts of the sayings, teachings, and actions of the Prophet Muhammad.   

30. 1. The Shahada The testimony.
The declaration of faith:
There is no god worthy of worship except God, and Muhammad is His Messenger [or Prophet]. 1

31. 2. The Salat
The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed
Wash before praying.
Face Mecca and use a prayer rug. 2

32. 2. The Salat The call to prayer by the muezzin in the minaret.
Pray in the mosque on Friday. 2

33. 3. The Zakat Alms giving (charitable donations).
Muslims believe that all things belong to God.
Zakat means both “purification” and “growth.”
About 2.5% of your income. 3

34. 4. The Sawm Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan.
Considered a method of self- purification.
No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan. 4

35. 5. The Hajj The pilgrimage to Mecca.
Must be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime.
2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year. 5

36. 5. The Hajj
Those who complete the pilgrimage can add the title hajji to their name. 5

37. The Ka’aba Site of the pilgrimage in Mecca

38. llah Allah is the Arabic word for GOD. Islam is a monotheistic faith.

39. uhammad M Muhammad is the founder of Islam.
Messenger of the word of God- and the final prophet of God.
Muhammad cannot be depicted by images.

40. Imams I.
Imams are prayer leaders. Muslims worship in mosques, where Imams lead prayers and give sermons.

41. C
ities that are holy

42. Mecca (Saudi Arabia) Jerusalem (Israel) Medina (Saudi Arabia)
al-Aqsa Mosque- Site of Muhammad Night’s Ascension, where he prayed with Moses, Jesus, and other prophets.
Mecca (Saudi Arabia)
Muhammad’s birthplace
Sight of first revelation
Home to the Ka’aba
Medina (Saudi Arabia)
Destination after hijra
Site of Prophet’s Mosque (tomb of Muhammad)
Capital of first Muslim Empire

43. Muslims in the World Today

45. Countries with the Largest Muslim Population1.
Indonesia
183,000,000 6.
Iran
62,000,000 2.
Pakistan
134,000,000 7.
Egypt
59,000,000 3.
India
121,000,000 8.
Nigeria
53,000,000 4.
Bangladesh
114,000,000 9.
Algeria
31,000,000 5.
Turkey
66,000,000
10.
Morocco
29,000,000
* Arabs make up only 20% of the total Muslim population of the world.

47. Dome of the Rock

48. The Spread of Islam
Merchants were carriers of Islam.
The Prophet himself was a merchant/trader.

52. The Spread of Islam
Most Arabs practiced polytheism/animism, but there was a growing feeling of disconnect between the common struggles of warring tribes/clan and the religious beliefs popular in the region.
Islam unified Arab tribes and motivated them to spread the faith.